Transformative governance based on local ecological knowledge is impossible without genuine inclusion of indigenous peoples and local communities in NW Patagonia.

In addressing the question, "Does local, national, and international governance have a primary role in shaping the resilience of local ecological knowledge (LEK)?", I first emphasize the importance of ethnobiology in highlighting effective local biodiversity governance practices employed by Indigenous Peoples and local communities (IPLCs). The sustainable management of these territories, showcases the deep connection between communities and their Local ecological knowledge (LEK), which has been vital in adapting to socio-environmental challenges and fostering sustainable practices. Case studies from Northern Patagonia, Argentina, illustrate how these communities have largely adapted to new circumstances on their own, despite ongoing challenges.

Advancing ethnobiology for the ecological transition and a more inclusive and just world: a comprehensive framework for the next 20 years.

This opinion piece, written by ethnobiologists from different parts of the world, emphasizes the importance of ethnobiology research in advancing contemporary biology, natural resource management, biodiversity conservation, sustainable development, and, especially, contributing to the ecological transition and more just and inclusive world. To achieve these goals, it is essential to develop research and collaborate with social groups that live in close relationship with nature in research activities, such as Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities (IPLC), as well as Afro-descendants and other Marginalized, Minority or Minoritized Communities (AMMC). Ethnobiology can identify and provide locally appropriate solutions to local problems, enabling sustainable resource management at the landscape level.

Variation of local zoological knowledge about Southern river otter and other semi-aquatic mammals in Nahuel Huapi National Park (Argentina).

Background: The huillín (Lontra provocax, Thomas 1908) is an otter, endemic to southern Argentina and Chile. It is in danger of extinction. In the Nahuel Huapi National Park and surroundings is the only freshwater, known and stable population of huillín in Argentina.

Factors affecting local plant knowledge in isolated communities from Patagonian steppe: Metacommunity theory is revealed as a methodological approach.

The Patagonian steppe is a refuge for several indigenous peoples who live in relatively isolated communities, depending heavily on natural resources for their activities, health, and food security. The local ecological knowledge is a reservoir that generates full wellbeing and for which it must be the object of protection and local development. In this study, we aimed to find which factors can influence local ecological knowledge from a metacommunity on the Patagonian steppe.

Native and exotic plants with edible fleshy fruits utilized in Patagonia and their role as sources of local functional foods.

Background: Traditionally part of the human diet, plants with edible fleshy fruits (PEFF) contain bioactive components that may exert physiological effects beyond nutrition, promoting human health and well-being. Focusing on their food-medicine functionality, different ways of using PEFF were studied in a cross-sectional way using two approaches: a bibliographical survey and an ethnobotanical case study in a rural community of Patagonia, Argentina.

Methods: A total of 42 studies were selected for the bibliographical review.

Polyphenol Composition and (Bio)Activity of Species and Wild Strawberry from the Argentinean Patagonia.

The Argentinean Patagonia berries , , and ssp. f. patagonica were investigated for their polyphenol content and composition by means of liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detection and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry.

Patagonian berries as native food and medicine.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Patagonia is the southernmost part of the South American continent including Chile and Argentina. Berries and wild fruits have been gathered by the native Patagonians as food and medicine for over 14,000 years. The economic potential of the native berries as health promoting and relevant sources of bioactive substances has become apparent with several studies in the last decades.

Urban medicinal plant use: Do migrant and non-migrant populations have similar hybridisation processes?

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Urban migrant herbal medicine is an important topic on a global scale. Through bibliographical analysis of published studies we can get an overview of the different hybridisation processes at work in cities around the world, the main medicinal plants used and the principal ailments treated. We analysed the differential characteristics of urban ethnobotanical studies involving transnational migrant and non-migrant populations, in order to contribute useful information for the design of public health policies.

Best practice in research: Consensus Statement on Ethnopharmacological Field Studies - ConSEFS.

Background: Ethnopharmacological research aims at gathering information on local and traditional uses of plants and other natural substances. However, the approaches used and the methods employed vary, and while such a variability is desirable in terms of scientific diversity, research must adhere to well defined quality standards and reproducible methods OBJECTIVES: With ConSEFS (the Consensus Statement on Ethnopharmacological Field Studies) we want to define best-practice in developing, conducting and reporting field studies focusing on local and traditional uses of medicinal and food plants, including studies using a historical approach.

Methods: After first developing an initial draft the core group invited community-wide feedback from researchers both through a web-based consultation and a series of workshops at conferences during 2017.

Traditional Mapuche ecological knowledge in Patagonia, Argentina: fishes and other living beings inhabiting continental waters, as a reflection of processes of change.

Background: Understanding how people interpret environmental change and develop practices in response to such change is essential to comprehend human resource use. In the cosmology of the American indigenous peoples, as among the Mapuche people, freshwater systems are considered a living entity, where animals have an enormous role to play in the universe of meaning. However, human adaptive responses to freshwater system dynamics are scarcely examined.

Does plant species richness guarantee the resilience of local medical systems? A perspective from utilitarian redundancy.

Resilience is related to the ability of a system to adjust to disturbances. The Utilitarian Redundancy Model has emerged as a tool for investigating the resilience of local medical systems. The model determines the use of species richness for the same therapeutic function as a facilitator of the maintenance of these systems.

Medicinal plants in the cultural landscape of a Mapuche-Tehuelche community in arid Argentine Patagonia: an eco-sensorial approach.

Background: The taste and smell of medicinal plants and their relation to the cultural landscape of a Mapuche-Tehuelche community in the Patagonian steppe was investigated. We assume that the landscapes as a source of therapeutic resources is perceived, classified and named according to different symbolic, ecological and utilitarian criteria which are influenced by chemosensorial appearance of medicinal plants which are valued by inhabitants.

Methods: Information relating to the cultural landscape experienced by 18 inhabitants, all representing 85% of the families, in terms of medicinal plants, knowledge of species and their organoleptic perception was obtained through participant observation, interviews and free listing.

Ethnoecology of Oxalis adenophylla Gillies ex Hook. & Arn.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: We studied the ethnoecological knowledge of medicinal Oxalis adenophylla in 3 rural villages of north Patagonia, Argentina. To evaluate links between use frequency, ethnoecological knowledge, sociocultural variables and the conservation status of this plant.

Materials And Method: Forty informants were interviewed in relation to their knowledge, use, perception and the ecology of Oxalis adenophylla.

Patterns of medicinal plant use by inhabitants of Brazilian urban and rural areas: a macroscale investigation based on available literature.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Although the relationship between local people and plants may be idiosyncratic, some human behaviors are common to different communities and can be influenced by cultural and environmental factors. Thus, this study drew upon a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate if there are patterns of medicinal plant use in different Brazilian ethnobotanical studies and if these patterns are influenced by the urbanization or ecosystems where the studies were conducted.

Materials And Methods: The factors evaluated concerned the origin of the species used (native vs.

Does the selection of medicinal plants by Brazilian local populations suffer taxonomic influence?

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: The analysis of the influence of taxonomic affiliation on the selection of medicinal plants by Brazilian local populations can help elucidate theoretical aspects of medicinal plant selection.

Materials And Methods: Ethnobotanical medicinal plant studies were compiled and the resulting medicinal flora was compared to the total angiosperm flora with a Bayesian approach and the IDM model.

Results: A total of 35 families were considered to be overused and six were classified as underused for the Bayesian approach.

The usefulness of edible and medicinal fabaceae in argentine and chilean patagonia: environmental availability and other sources of supply.

Fabaceae is of great ethnobotanical importance in indigenous and urban communities throughout the world. This work presents a revision of the use of Fabaceae as a food and/or medicinal resource in Argentine-Chilean Patagonia. It is based on a bibliographical analysis of 27 ethnobotanical sources and catalogues of regional flora.

Resilience and adaptation in the use of medicinal plants with suspected anti-inflammatory activity in the Brazilian Northeast.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: This study uses the utilitarian redundancy model as a basis to investigate issues related to the preference for plants native to the Caatinga used as anti-inflammatories by respondents from the community of Carão in rural Pernambuco, Brazil.

Materials And Methods: For this purpose, 49 respondents and 24 native plants used as anti-inflammatories were selected from a database built by previous studies in this study area. Interviews with respondents were conducted by applying the checklist-interview technique and by presenting photographs of plants, which were ordered according to plant preference for each type of inflammation mentioned.