Arteriovenous anastomosis learning curve using low cost simulator.

Background: In order to reduce difficulties with learning surgical techniques, supplementary tools for training were developed. This paper describes the learning curve followed by student volunteer research subjects who used an alternative model for practicing vascular anastomosis.

Objectives: To evaluate the vascular anastomosis technique learning curve and development of manual skills using a low-cost experimental model.

Gallbladder histological alterations in patients undergoing cholecystectomy for cholelithiasis.

Objective: to describe the histological findings of the gallbladders of patients undergoing cholecystectomy and to evaluate the presence of factors associated with gallbladder incidental cancer.

Methods: we conducted a descriptive, cross-sectional, observational study with 1,278 histopathological exams of gallbladders coming from cholecystectomy for cholelithiasis and of their reports, held from January 2008 to December 2017.

Results: the most common pathological finding was chronic cholecystitis, present in 1,251 patients (97.