Genetic variability in clam combined with infection level to support founder population selection for a breeding program.

Clam farmers worldwide face several challenges, including irregular seed supply and high mortalities due to pathogenic organisms such as . In Europe, there is a high unmet consumer demand for native clam species such as . The high market value of makes the culture of this species potentially more attractive than that culture of the alien species .

Assessing the geographic scale of genetic population management with microsatellites and introns in the clam Ruditapes decussatus.

The clam Ruditapes decussatus is commercially important in southwestern Europe, suffering from population decline and hybridization with exotic Manila clam (R. philippinarum). Previous studies with intronic markers showed a genetic subdivision of the species in three races (Atlantic, West Mediterranean, and Adriatic-Aegean).

Development and multiplex PCR amplification of microsatellite markers in the commercial clam Venerupis rhomboides (Mollusca: Bivalvia).

Venerupis rhomboides is a commercial clam whose production could be enhanced through effective management of natural and hatchery stocks. This study provides the first panel of microsatellite markers for the exploitation of this species according to genetic criteria. A total of 22 polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized from two genomic libraries enriched for different motifs.

Identification, inheritance, and variation of microsatellite markers in the black scallop Mimachlamys varia.

Five polymorphic microsatellite loci were identified in the black scallop Mimachlamys varia after construction of a genomic library enriched for (GT)n. To examine the transmission pattern of microsatellite alleles, several families were created and genotypes scored for three loci. The expected Mendelian ratios were found in 12 of 14 segregations examined.

Evolutionary dynamics of the 5S rDNA gene family in the mussel Mytilus: mixed effects of birth-and-death and concerted evolution.

In higher eukaryotes, the gene family encoding the 5S ribosomal RNA (5S rRNA) has been used (together with histones) to showcase the archetypal example of a gene family subject to concerted evolution. However, recent studies have revealed conspicuous features challenging the predictions of this model, including heterogeneity of repeat units, the presence of functional 5S gene variants as well as the existence of 5S rDNA divergent pseudogenes lacking traces of homogenization. In the present work, we have broadened the scope in the evolutionary study of ribosomal gene families by studying the 5S rRNA family in mussels, a model organism which stands out among other animals due to the heterogeneity it displays regarding sequence and organization.

Intron characterization and their potential as molecular markers for population studies in the scallops Aequipecten opercularis and Mimachlamys varia.

Exon-primed intron-crossing PCR was used on the European commercial scallops Aequipecten opercularis and Mimachlamys varia to characterize introns of four nuclear genes and to identify DNA markers useful for population studies. The primers used yielded the expected product, except those for the lysozyme gene that failed to work in M. varia and amplified a fragment of a proteasome subunit gene (APSM) in A.

Sequence characterization and phylogenetic analysis of the 5S ribosomal DNA in some scallops (Bivalvia: Pectinidae).

This study was designed to characterize the 5S ribosomal DNA repeat unit and to evaluate its phylogenetic informativeness in Mimachlamys varia, Hinnites distortus, Aequipecten opercularis and Pecten maximus, scallops of the bivalve family Pectinidae. The repeat unit was PCR amplified and several products cloned and sequenced. The deduced coding region covered 120 bp, showed 52-53% GC content and an identifiable internal promoter.

Karyotype and chromosomal location of 18S-28S and 5S ribosomal DNA in the scallops Pecten maximus and Mimachlamys varia (Bivalvia: Pectinidae).

This work describes the karyotype and chromosomal location of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of Pecten maximus and Mimachlamys varia, two commercial scallop species from Europe. According to the chromosome centromeric index values found, the karyotype of P. maximus is composed of 1 metacentric, 2 metacentric-submetacentric, 1 telocentric-subtelocentric and 15 telocentric pairs, and that of M.

Cerastoderma glaucum 5S ribosomal DNA: characterization of the repeat unit, divergence with respect to Cerastoderma edule, and PCR-RFLPs for the identification of both cockles.

The 5S rDNA repeat unit of the cockle Cerastoderma glaucum from the Mediterranean and Baltic coasts was PCR amplified and sequenced. The length of the units was 539-568 bp, of which 120 bp were assigned to the 5S rRNA gene and 419-448 bp to the spacer region, and the G/C content was 46%-49%, 54%, and 44%-47%, respectively. Two types of units (A and B), differing in the spacer, were distinguished based on the percentage of differences and clustering in phylogenetic trees.

Sequence analysis of the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer region in some scallop species (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Pectinidae).

The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal DNA from the European scallops Aequipecten opercularis, Mimachlamys varia, Hinnites distortus, and Pecten maximus was PCR amplified and sequenced. For each species, three or five clones were examined. The size ranged between 636 and 713 bp (ITS1, 209-276 bp; 5.

Fenofibrate of gemfibrozil for treatment of types IIa and IIb primary hyperlipoproteinemia: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study.

Objective: To compare the hypolipidemic effects of gemfibrozil and micronized fenofibrate in patients with primary hyperlipoproteinemia, phenotypes IIa and IIb, with emphasis on their cholesterol-lowering effectiveness.

Methods: A randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, crossover study was performed to assess the effects of gemfibrozil (900 mg) and micronized fenofibrate (200 mg), administered once daily, to 21 patients (45 to 70 years old)-16 with type IIa and 5 with type IIb primary hyperlipidemia. The two treatment periods lasted 6 weeks each; the run-in and washout periods were 4 weeks.