[Yogurt as a fermented food for healthy and sustainable daily consumption. Recommendations to the population].

Yogurt has been valued very positively for centuries, but the concern for food sustainability and the fact that it is a food of animal origin has raised doubts about the consumption that may be convenient. The objective of this work is to deepen the topic and establish recommendations for the population. From the nutritional point of view, yogurt is a valuable food, for its high content, quality and bioavailability of its nutrients, in a low energy content, its components together with probiotic microorganisms are provided in a matrix that helps achieve greater nutritional and health benefit.

[Role of diet in the prevention and development of Crohn's Disease].

Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic recurrent inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with frequent ileocolic location, although it can affect the entire gastrointestinal tract. It is characterized by the development of skipped lesions and transmural inflammation and its incidence is increasing. The etiology and pathogenesis are related to genetic susceptibility, intestinal microbiota, dysbiosis, immunological abnormalities and environmental factors (tobacco use, NSAIDs, oral contraceptives and diet).

[Problems posed by vitamin D in early childhood].

More and more functions related to vitamin D and more pathologies related to its deficiency are known. The deficiency that exists in vitamin D is known at all ages, sexes and throughout the world. But beyond the existing deficiencies in each population group, in this article we intend to analyze how the nutritional situation of this vitamin in pregnant women and during lactation can have influence on the future health of their offspring.

[Properties of milk in sleep induction].

Sleep induction and its quality are issues of growing concern because its deterioration affects a large number of people and poses a risk to their well-being and quality of life and long-term health. There are several factors involved in the problem, but nutrition is one of them and in particular milk consumption has often been linked to sleep habits, sometimes as a promoter and sometimes as an inhibitor. The purpose of this review is to examine the matter further.

[Nutritional problems of vegetarian and vegan children].

The number of people following plant-based diets to a greater or lesser degree is increasing, but the more restrictive a diet, the greater the risk of nutritional deficiencies. The childhood stage is a stage of great physical and maturational growth, therefore, nutritional deficiencies at this stage can have serious and sometimes permanent consequences. People who follow restrictive diets of any kind, such as plant-based diets, should receive support from specialized staff to ensure that their diets are varied and balanced, as is desirable in any case.

[Nutritional factors related to insulin resistance in children and adolescents].

Insulin resistance is described as a defect in the binding of insulin to its receptor and is associated with several diseases, including obesity and type 2 diabetes. Insulin resistance has been linked to vitamin and mineral deficiencies, especially those involved in oxidative stress. The Mediterranean diet, a diet based on the Healthy Eating Index or the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet are dietary patterns that have been associated with a lower risk of developing insulin resistance in children.

[Nutritional problems in celiac patients. Difficulties in achieving an adequate nutritional status].

Celiac disease is the most common chronic intestinal disease. It affects approximately 1 % of the world population, affects all age groups and has symptoms both digestive and extra-digestive. The treatment of celiac disease is based on the strict withdrawal of gluten from the diet.

[Childhood obesity as a health priority. Guidelines for improving weight control].

Childhood obesity is a growing concern, because the problem affects a high percentage of children and is the source of many diseases in the present and in the future, which can lead to a decrease in life expectancy and quality of life. In order to combat the problem, it is necessary to analyze the factors associated with excess weight in childhood in order to act on them and try to curb the trend observed in recent years. Various socio-demographic aspects, as well as inactivity and sedentary lifestyle in children are factors that are associated with an increased risk of obesity and central adiposity.

[Importance of hydration in cardiovascular health and cognitive function].

Water is an essential nutrient for health. Inadequate water intake induces states of dehydration and hypovolemia,causing an increase in plasma osmolality proportional to the decrease in body water. Restricting water intake can have harmful effects on cardiovascular health by affecting endothelial function and increasing the viscosity of blood, haematocrit and fibrinogen.

[Zinc and its relation to insulin resistance in children].

Zinc is an essential trace element involved in catalytic, structural, and regulatory functions, participating also in the metabolism of nutrients. Its role in insulin resistance appears to be of great importance, as it is involved in oxidative stress, the endocrine regulation of insulin, and the regulation of glucose uptake. For this reason, both intake and serum levels of zinc are inversely related to insulin resistance.

[Nutritional problems in smokers and passive smokers].

Objective: active or passive tobacco use affects a high percentage of individuals and is associated with various health risks. The aim of this review was to look more closely at the nutritional problems that are specific of smokers, which may harm their health. Methods: a bibliographic search related to the topic.

[Evaluating malnutrition in pediatrics, a current challenge].

Malnutrition in pediatric patients conditions their health/illness. Malnutrition in sick children further aggravates their baseline situation, and conditions their evolution and prognosis. Despite its relevance, it is not evaluated in many cases, nor is there a single definition that facilitates its diagnosis.

Breakfast Habits of a Representative Sample of the Spanish Child and Adolescent Population (The ENALIA Study): Association with Diet Quality.

The association between breakfast quality and total diet quality of children and adolescents ((1-17.9 years ( = 1570)) from the National Dietary Survey on the Child and Adolescent Population in Spain (ENALIA) was analyzed. Dietary information was collected using two non-consecutive one-day food diaries (1-10 years old) or two 24 h dietary recalls (>10 years).

[Importance of nutrition during pregnancy. Impact on the composition of breast milk].

The consumption of a healthy diet is essential during the preconception period, pregnancy and lactation to guarantee maternal-fetal and newborn health. It is important to take into account when configuring the maternal diet that inadequate intakes of vitamins and minerals, as well as a high consumption of foods or beverages with refined sugar increase the incidence of low birth weight infants, while the adequate consumption of micronutrients and carbohydrates (mainly integral) can decrease it. Prenatal consumption of fish is also associated with less intrauterine growth retardation.

[Nutrition and microbiota in pediatric population. Health implications].

The microbiota of our body is a rising issue on which more and more research is being studied and investigated. The acquisition and modification of the microbiota throughout life, and especially the alteration of its balance, is related to different diseases. One way to modify this microbiota, which can also be useful in disease situations, to restore the proper balance is through the consumption of marketed probiotics.

[Nutrition in the prevention and control of osteoporosis].

Objective: although osteoporosis develops in advanced stages of life, it must be prevented and stopped from the pediatric age, acting on modifiable factors, especially diet and lifestyle. The objective of this work is to review the latest evidence on nutritional improvements that can help in the prevention and control of the disease. Methods: bibliographic search related to the topic.

Usual Dietary Intake, Nutritional Adequacy and Food Sources of Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium and Vitamin D of Spanish Children Aged One to <10 Years. Findings from the EsNuPI Study.

Bone problems in the population begin to be establish in childhood. The present study aims to assess the usual calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and vitamin D intakes, along with the food sources of these nutrients, in Spanish children participating in the EsNuPI (Estudio Nutricional en Población Infantil Española) study. Two 24 h dietary recalls were applied to 1448 children (1 to <10 years) divided into two sub-samples: one reference sample (RS) of the general population [ = 707] and another sample which exclusively included children consuming enriched or fortified milks, here called "adapted milks" (AMS) [ = 741].

[Nutritional intervention in the control of gallstones and renal lithiasis].

Cholelithiasis and kidney stones are frequent pathologies in developed countries. Gallstones can be pigmentary, cholesterol (75%) or mixed. Age, female sex, obesity, rapid weight loss, consumption of refined sugars, saturated fat, iron deficiency, vitamin D and low intake of fiber and vitamin C are factors associated with an increased risk of cholelithiasis.

[Nutritional value of dairy products and recommended daily consumption].

Objective: messages that are given recently have encouraged to reduce the consumption of dairy products, by noting them as dispensable or even harmful in relation to certain pathologies. The objective of this present work is to review the nutritional value of this group of foods and their recommended consumption. Methods: bibliographic search related to the topic.

[Controversies and errors related to nutrition and breastfeeding. Guidelines for improvement].

Although the benefits of breastfeeding are clear and well documented, for both newborns and nursing mothers, breastfeeding rates worldwide are not optimal in many cases. There are multiple myths and errors related to breastfeeding: that certain foods cannot be consumed during breastfeeding, that, however, certain foods must be consumed to increase milk production, that composition of breast milk is not adequate in some cases, that breastfeeding is associated with more risk of suffering caries… Therefore, the objective of this article is to clarify the reality about these aspects of breastfeeding.

[Role of yogurt in children's breakfast].

Some studies link children and adolescents breakfast habits with a better quality of the diet and higher intake of nutrients in general, and lower adiposity and cardiometabolic risk, which highlights the important role of this meal. A quality breakfast should include at least three food groups: cereals, dairy and fruits. However, the most frequent breakfast of Spanish schoolchildren combines only dairy and cereals.

[Nutrition and gastronomy in the Community of Madrid].

Objectives: the nutrition and gastronomy are part of the strategies of maintenance and promotion of the health of the population. The aim of the present revision is to deep on the knowledge of the gastronomy and nutritional problems of the Community of Madrid. Methods: bibliographic search in relation to the subject.

[Subclinical micronutrients deficiencies related to metabolic syndrome].

Metabolic syndrome is the name given to a set of risk factors that increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and other health problems, such as diabetes and stroke. There are different cut-off points to establish the definition of metabolic syndrome according to various international organizations, although in all definitions are considered four main data related to: 1) obesity; 2) alteration of glucose metabolism; 3) alteration of lipid metabolism; and 4) hypertension. Strategies for the treatment of the metabolic syndrome include changes in lifestyle (diet and physical activity), along with pharmacological treatment in certain cases.

[Sociodemographic and lifestyle factors involved in excess weight].

Objectives: given the growing increase in overweight and obesity, it is important to pay attention to all sociodemographic and lifestyle influences that contribute to unbalance the energy balance, favoring this trend.

Methods: bibliographic searching in relation to the subject.

Results: as factors associated with the obesity condition, it is observed that sedentary lifestyle, scarce physical activity, passive leisure and a high number of hours in front of screens (TV, computer.

[Nutrition strategies that improve cognitive function].

Cognitive capacity can be influenced by components of the diet. Low glycemic index foods seem to improve attention, memory and functional capacity, while those rich in simple sugars are associated with difficulty in concentration and attention. The brain needs a continuous supply of amino acids for the synthesis of neurotransmitters, especially serotonin and catecholamines.