Ivermectin-based products in the context of green pharmaceutical analysis.

Background: Ivermectin (IVE), a broad-spectrum antiparasitic, is used in human and animal health. Analytical methods for evaluating IVE in pharmaceutical products are found in the literature and in official compendiums. However, the vast majority of them do not have an eco-friendly approach.

An Overview of the Analytical Methods for Products Based on Clindamycin and Eco-efficiency Perspectives.

Background: Clindamycin (CLIN), an antibiotic sold in the form of capsules, injectable solution, gel, and lotion, is easily soluble in water and ethanol. However, it lacks eco-efficient methods for evaluating pharmaceutical products.

Objective And Methods: The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the analytical methods present both in the literature and in official compendia for evaluating pharmaceutical matrices based on CLIN in the context of Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC).

Green method by National Environmental Methods Index and Eco-Scale Assessment for evaluation of gatifloxacin-based product by HPLC.

The literature reveals gaps in the availability of green analytical methods for assessing products containing gatifloxacin (GFX), a fluoroquinolone. Presently, method development is supported by tools such as the National Environmental Methods Index (NEMI) and Eco-Scale Assessment (ESA), which offer objective insights into the environmental friendliness of analytical procedures. The objective of this work was to develop and validate a green method by the NEMI and ESA to quantify GFX in eye drops using HPLC.

Tools to Evaluate the Eco-efficiency of Analytical Methods in the Context of Green and White Analytical Chemistry: A Review.

Background: The release of a product in the consumer market requires an analysis by quality control. This sector makes use of reliable analytical methods, by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), spectrophotometry in the ultraviolet and visible regions (UV-Vis), spectrophotometry in the infrared region (IR) or thin layer chromatography (TLC), for example, to reach a result. The analysis conditions of most of these analytical methods currently still use toxic reagents, generate a greater amount of waste, sample preparation has more steps, the need for instrumentation and consumables in greater quantity, generating a cost and impact on health and the environment greater than if there were adoption of the Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC) and the White Analytical Chemistry (WAC).

Review of Analytical Methods for Evaluating Azithromycin in the Context of Green Analytical Chemistry.

Background: Azithromycin (AZT) is an antimicrobial available in different pharmaceutical forms and many people can have access to this medicine. Therefore, the existence of adequate and reliable analytical methods for evaluating the quality of AZT and AZT-based products is essential.

Objective/methods: The purpose of this review is to discuss the analytical methods for evaluating AZT present in the literature and official compendia in the context of Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC).

Green Method for Evaluation of Marbofloxacin Tablets by HPLC and Evaluation of Interchangeability With UV and Turbidimetric Methods.

Background: Marbofloxacin (MAR) is a veterinary antimicrobial, marketed in injectable solution, oral suspension, and tablets. MAR has no monograph for tablet evaluation in official compendiums. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) methods present in the literature for evaluating MAR in tablets do not follow the principles of green and sustainable analytical chemistry.

Moxifloxacin: Physical-chemical and Microbiological Analytical Methods in the Context of Green Analytical Chemistry.

Moxifloxacin (MOX) is a fourth-generation fluoroquinolone used in the form of tablets, infusion solutions and ophthalmic solutions. It does not have a physical-chemical or microbiological analytical method described in an official compendium. However, the literature shows some analysis methods for pharmaceuticals and biological matrices.

Cyclodextrin inclusion complex of a multi-component natural product by hot-melt extrusion.

This study aimed to investigate whether hot-melt extrusion (HME) processing can promote molecular encapsulation of a multi-component natural product composed of volatile and pungent hydrophobic substances (ginger oleoresin (OR)) with cyclodextrins. 6-Gingerol and 6-shogaol, the biomarkers of ginger OR, were quantified by HPLC. Phase-solubility studies were performed using β-cyclodextrin (βCD) and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) for ginger OR complexation.

Overview of Analytical Methods for Evaluating Tinidazole.

Background: Tinidazole (TIN) has amoebicidal, giardicidal, antifungal, and antimicrobial activities. It is marketed in the form of tablets. Analytical methods to assess the quality of TIN-based products are essential for correct pharmacotherapy.

Fast and New Microbiological Method for Evaluating the Potency of Marbofloxacin-Based Tablets.

Background: Marbofloxacin (MAR) is an antimicrobial belonging to the fluoroquinolone class and is marketed in the form of tablets. There is no microbiological monograph in official compendia to evaluate the potency of the final product. Furthermore, the literature is scarce in this context.

Status of Physicochemical and Microbiological Analytical Methods of Gatifloxacin: A Review.

Background: Gatifloxacin (GAT), an antimicrobial of the fourth generation of fluoroquinolones, has a broad spectrum of action with activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative, aerobic and anaerobic organisms, including mycobacteria.

Objective: The objective of this review is to discuss about (i) characteristics, (ii) properties, and (iii) analytical methods of gatifloxacin.

Results: Among the methods described in the literature for the evaluation of GAT, the most frequent was HPLC (50%) for both the analysis of pharmaceutical and biological matrixes.

Eco-Friendly UV Spectrophotometric Method for Evaluation of Marbofloxacin in Tablets: Stability Study.

Background: Marbofloxacin (MAR) is an antimicrobial for veterinary use, and it does not have a monograph in an official compendium for the pharmaceutical form in tablets.

Objective: In this context, the objective of this work was to develop and validate an effective, eco-friendly, and indicative of stability method by spectrophotometry in the ultraviolet region (UV) for quantitative evaluation of MAR in tablets.

Method: Purified water-ethanol (80:20, v/v) as a diluent, quartz cubette and 296 nm were used.

A New and Ecological Method to Quantify Vancomycin in Pharmaceutical Product by Infrared Spectrometry.

Vancomycin, an antimicrobial, does not present quantitative method by infrared spectrometry in the literature for the evaluation of a pharmaceutical product. This technique is considered a clean alternative because in the main, there is no solvent involved and the generation of waste is reduced. So, the aim of this study was to develop and validate a new, ecological, low cost and fast method by infrared spectrometry using KBr and band between 1450-1375 cm-1.

An Overview of Analytical Methods for the Quantification of Marbofloxacin in Pharmaceutical, Biological, and Food Matrixes.

Background: Marbofloxacin (MAR), a second-generation fluoroquinolone, is used in veterinary medicine in the form of tablets. It has a broad spectrum of action, low toxicity, and limited development of bacterial resistance. The analytical methods available in the literature become more important since MAR in tablets does not have a monograph in official compendiums.

A Clean, Sustainable and Stability-Indicating Method for the Quantification of Ceftriaxone Sodium in Pharmaceutical Product by HPLC.

Ceftriaxone sodium is a widely used antimicrobial, which is only available as a lyophilized powder. The presence of methods for evaluating the quality of this product is very important and helps to ensure its effectiveness, in addition to contributing to the fight against bacterial resistance. Therefore, a clean and sustainable high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method has been developed for evaluating ceftriaxone stability in pharmaceutical product.

An Ecological and Miniaturized Biological Method for the Analysis of Daptomycin Potency.

Background: Physicochemical and microbiological methods are found in the literature for the analysis of daptomycin, an antimicrobial.

Objective: This paper brings a miniaturized turbidimetric microbiological method for analysis of daptomycin in lyophilized powder.

Methods: The method was performed using 96-well microplates, 4-h incubation, 2, 4 and 8 μg/mL, 7% Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 IAL 2082, and BHI broth.

Eco-Friendly Pharmaceutical Analysis of Rifaximin in Tablets by HPLC-MS and Microbiological Turbidimetry.

Rifaximin, an antimicrobial used for the treatment of various diseases, lacks analytical methods in official compendia for evaluation of the final product. This paper presents an eco-friendly protocol for rifaximin tablets by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). The method was completely validated according to the International Conference on Harmonization guidelines and developed following the concept of Quality by Design.

Miniaturized Microbiological Method to Determine the Potency of Rifaximin in Tablets.

Background: Rifaximin, a semi-synthetic antimicrobial, does not present microbiological method described in official compendia, and there is a lack of literature on this topic. The quality control of antimicrobials is extremely important to evaluate the real potency of pharmaceutical products.

Objective: A miniaturized turbidimetric method for determining the potency of rifaximin in tablets was developed and validated by turbidimetry, according to the international guidelines.

Cephalothin: Review of Characteristics, Properties, and Status of Analytical Methods.

Background: Cephalothin (CET), a first generation cephalosporin, is the most efficient cephalosporin against resistant microorganisms. Many studies found in literature and pharmacopeias propose analytical methods which are most commonly HPLC and microbiological assays.

Objective: This paper shows a brief review of analytical methods to quantify CET with a green analytical chemistry approach.

Turbidimetric Method: A New, Ecological, and Fast Way to Evaluate of Vancomycin Potency.

Background: Vancomycin, an antimicrobial, has many microbiological methods in literature, but it was not found any that follows the green chemistry principles.

Objective: The aim of this work was to develop and validate a new microbiological analytical method with a green view to determine the vancomycin potency in lyophilized powder using less quantity of diluents and culture medium, minimizing the costs and reducing the time of analysis.

Methods: The objective will be achieved using the microbiological method by turbidimetry.

Current Status of Vancomycin Analytical Methods.

Background: The glycopeptide antibiotics are a class of antimicrobial drugs that are an important alternative for cases of bacterial infections resistant to penicillins, besides being able to be used to treat infections in people allergic to pencilin. They have great activity against Gram-positive microorganisms, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), by inhibiting the cell wall synthesis.

Objective: There are many analytical methods in the literature for determination of antimicrobial glycopeptide vancomycin in different matrixes that are very effective; however, all of them use toxic solvents, contributing to the generation of waste, causing damage to the environment and to the operator, as well as increased costs of analysis.

Short-Stability Study of Rifaximin-Based Samples.

Background: Rifaximin is an oral antimicrobial with a daily dose ranging from 600 to 800 mg. It is classified as Class IV in the Biopharmaceutic Classification System. Thus, rifaximin-based samples were developed by complexation to β-cyclodextrin using a phase solubility diagram, and malaxation and decreasing particle size using wet milling.

Turbidimetric Method: A Multi-Advantageous Option for Assessing the Potency of Ceftriaxone Sodium in Powder for Injection.

Background: Ceftriaxone sodium, an antimicrobial used in parenteral form, does not have a microbiological method by turbidimetry described in the literature. For drugs from antimicrobial class, the existence of a microbiological method for assessing their potency is essential. Not only are the results from the physical-chemical methods enough, but microbiological analyzes are also necessary.