Association between Late Manifestations of Testicular Dysgenesis Syndrome and Anogenital Distance: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Background: In 2001, Skakkebæk . proposed that certain male reproductive disorders might be grouped into a syndrome called testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS), as they all appear to be associated with disruption of the embryonic and foetal programming of gonadal development. TDS may be manifested in early life by the presence of genital malformations (hypospadias and cryptorchidism) and in adult life as disorders represented by low sperm counts and testicular cancer.