Managing Bacteremia: Insights Into Pathogen-Specific Treatment.

Recent advances in the treatment of bacteremia have challenged traditional approaches, particularly regarding the duration of antibiotic therapy and the transition from intravenous to oral regimens. This paper reviews these updates, focusing on evidence-based strategies for managing bacteremia caused by Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. Criteria for transitioning to oral therapy, clinical decision-making for uncomplicated cases, and evidence supporting shorter antibiotic courses are discussed.

Phylogenetic analysis of Mycobacterium bovis reveals animal and zoonotic tuberculosis spread between Morocco and European countries.

Livestock production is a fundamental pillar of the Moroccan economy. Infectious diseases of cattle and other species represent a significant threat to the livestock industry, animal health, and food safety. Bovine tuberculosis (bTB), mainly caused by Mycobacterium bovis, generates considerable direct and indirect economic losses, and an underestimated human health burden caused by zoonotic transmission.

Government and community strategies in Pernambuco, Brazil, to face COVID-19.

This case study analyzed arrangements and strategies of the network actors in the Special Indigenous Sanitary District (DSEI) Pernambuco's territory to guarantee the right to health of Indigenous populations during the COVID-19 pandemic. This work was carried out through document analysis, workshops, and field research. The Contingency Plan for COVID-19 in Indigenous Peoples of DSEI Pernambuco included surveillance actions, laboratory and pharmaceutical assistance, communication, and management.

Systematic SARS-CoV-2 S-gene sequencing in wastewater samples enables early lineage detection and uncovers rare mutations in Portugal.

As the COVID-19 pandemic reached its peak, many countries implemented genomic surveillance systems to track the evolution and transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Transition from the pandemic to the endemic phase prioritized alternative testing strategies to maintain effective epidemic surveillance at the population level, with less intensive sequencing efforts. One such promising approach was Wastewater-Based Surveillance (WBS), which offers non-invasive, cost-effective means for analysing virus trends at the sewershed level.

Genomic epidemiology sheds light on the emergence and spread of Eu2 Clonal Complex in Portugal.

Animal tuberculosis (TB) remains a serious concern for animal and human health. circulates in multi-host systems, dominated by the European 2 clonal complex (Eu2) in Iberia. In this work, we use genomic epidemiology to infer the emergence, spread, and spatiotemporal patterns of Eu2 in the official epidemiological risk area of animal TB in Portugal.

Predictors of Quality of Life in HIV-Infected Persons from Mozambique: The Dual Role of Schooling.

Increasing quality of life (QoL) is both an end in itself and a means to optimize the impact of treatment in HIV-infected persons. Possibly due to cultural and social influences, the predictors of QoL vary across studies, highlighting the importance of studying specific populations. In the present study, we aimed to determine the sociodemographic (age, sex and schooling, or number of years at school) and psychosocial correlates (meaning in life, social support, positive and negative affects) of QoL in HIV-infected persons living in Mozambique, a country with a high prevalence of HIV but also with well-structured strategies to fight the disease.

The open pan-genome architecture and virulence landscape of .

Animal tuberculosis (TB) is an emergent disease caused by , one of the animal-adapted ecotypes of the complex (MTC). In this work, whole-genome comparative analyses of 70 . were performed to gain insights into the pan-genome architecture.

Genome-wide estimation of recombination, mutation and positive selection enlightens diversification drivers of Mycobacterium bovis.

Genome sequencing has reinvigorated the infectious disease research field, shedding light on disease epidemiology, pathogenesis, host-pathogen interactions and also evolutionary processes exerted upon pathogens. Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC), enclosing M. bovis as one of its animal-adapted members causing tuberculosis (TB) in terrestrial mammals, is a paradigmatic model of bacterial evolution.

Whole Genome Sequencing Refines Knowledge on the Population Structure of from a Multi-Host Tuberculosis System.

Classical molecular analyses of based on spoligotyping and Variable Number Tandem Repeat (MIRU-VNTR) brought the first insights into the epidemiology of animal tuberculosis (TB) in Portugal, showing high genotypic diversity of circulating strains that mostly cluster within the European 2 clonal complex. Previous surveillance provided valuable information on the prevalence and spatial occurrence of TB and highlighted prevalent genotypes in areas where livestock and wild ungulates are sympatric. However, links at the wildlife-livestock interfaces were established mainly via classical genotype associations.

Empathy and Coping in Allied Health Sciences: Gender Patterns.

This study aimed to examine the patterns of associations between empathy and coping among undergraduate men and women studying at Allied Health Sciences. This cross-sectional study is part of a larger longitudinal study conducted in an Allied Health Sciences School. Participants were 183 undergraduate students from 12 training programs (e.

Labor and childbirth care in maternities participating in the "Rede Cegonha/Brazil": an evaluation of the degree of implementation of the activities.

Using a judgment framework, this article analyzes the degree of implementation of the best practices in labor and childbirth care contained in the guidelines of the Rede Cegonha (RC) across Brazil. The study eligibility criteria were public and mixed hospitals located in a health region with a RC action plan in place in 2015, resulting in a total of 606 facilities distributed across the country. Three different data collection methods were used: face-to-face interviews with managers, health professionals and puerperal women; document analysis; and on-site observation.

The hard numbers of tuberculosis epidemiology in wildlife: A meta-regression and systematic review.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a widespread disease that crosses the human and animal health boundaries, with infection being reported in wildlife, from temperate and subtropical to arctic regions. Often, TB in wild species is closely associated with disease occurrence in livestock but the TB burden in wildlife remains poorly quantified on a global level. Through meta-regression and systematic review, this study aimed to summarize global information on TB prevalence in commonly infected wildlife species and to draw a global picture of the scientific knowledge accumulated in wildlife TB.

Estimates of the global and continental burden of animal tuberculosis in key livestock species worldwide: A meta-analysis study.

Zoonotic animal tuberculosis (TB) is a One Health paradigm infectious disease, caused by complex bacteria, that affects different host species with varying levels of management. In most developed countries, official surveillance and control strategies support the longitudinal reporting of herd and/or animal prevalence. However, for under resourced countries without surveillance plans, this information may be obtained from cross-sectional studies only.

Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria: Molecular and Physiological Bases of Virulence and Adaptation to Ecological Niches.

Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are paradigmatic colonizers of the total environment, circulating at the interfaces of the atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and anthroposphere. Their striking adaptive ecology on the interconnection of multiple spheres results from the combination of several biological features related to their exclusive hydrophobic and lipid-rich impermeable cell wall, transcriptional regulation signatures, biofilm phenotype, and symbiosis with protozoa. This unique blend of traits is reviewed in this work, with highlights to the prodigious plasticity and persistence hallmarks of NTM in a wide diversity of environments, from extreme natural milieus to microniches in the human body.

Global trends of epidemiological research in livestock tuberculosis for the last four decades.

Animal tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) bacteria remains as one of the most significant infectious diseases of livestock, despite decades of eradication programmes and research efforts, in an era where the livestock sector is among the most important and rapidly expanding commercial agricultural segments worldwide. This work provides a global overview of the spatial and temporal trends of reported scientific knowledge of TB in livestock, aiming to gain insights into research subtopics within the animal TB epidemiology domain and to highlight territorial inequalities regarding data reporting and research outputs over the years. To deliver such information, peer-reviewed reports of TB studies in livestock were retrieved from the Web of Science and Google Scholar, systematized and dissected.

Biomarkers in vesicoureteral reflux: an overview.

This article aimed to review the role of cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and cellular adhesion molecules as biomarkers for vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) and reflux nephropathy (RN). We reviewed articles from 1979 onward by searching PubMed and Scopus utilizing the combination of words: 'VUR' or 'RN' and each one of the biomarkers. Genetic, inflammatory, fibrogenic, environmental and epigenetic factors responsible for renal scarring need to be better understood.

Animal tuberculosis: Impact of disease heterogeneity in transmission, diagnosis and control.

Animal tuberculosis (TB) in terrestrial mammals is mainly caused by Mycobacterium bovis. This pathogen is adapted to a wide range of host species, representing a threat to livestock, wildlife and human health. Disease heterogeneity is a hallmark of multi-host TB and a challenge for control.

[Inequalities in congenital syphilis trends in the city of Niterói, Brazil, 2007-2016Desigualdades en la tendencia de sífilis congénita en la ciudad de Niterói, Brasil, 2007-2016].

Objective: To describe the temporal distribution and epidemiologic characteristics of congenital syphilis (CS) cases in the city of Niterói, southeastern Brazil, from 2007 to 2016.

Method: This descriptive time series analysis of the incidence of CS used data from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN) and the Live Birth Information System (SINASC). The sample included all notified cases.

Ecological drivers of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis detection in mongoose (Herpestes ichneumon) using IS900 as proxy.

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the etiological agent of Johne's disease or paratuberculosis, a chronic infection affecting domestic ruminants worldwide. Despite sporadic reports of MAP occurrence in non-ruminants, information on the risk factors predisposing for infection is still scarce and evidence of transmission paths linking the livestock-wildlife-environment interfaces also remains lacking.

Polyclonal infection as a new scenario in Mycobacterium caprae epidemiology.

Portugal is one of the European Union countries with an ongoing eradication program for bovine tuberculosis (TB), which does not include systematic goat testing. However, surveillance in small ruminants is increasingly important, since goat and sheep can harbour Mycobacterium caprae and be an infection source to cattle with impact in the success of bovine TB control. Furthermore, the information regarding the epidemiology and biology of M.

Comparative genomics reveals a novel genetic organization of the sad cluster in the sulfonamide-degrader 'Candidatus Leucobacter sulfamidivorax' strain GP.

Background: Microbial communities recurrently establish metabolic associations resulting in increased fitness and ability to perform complex tasks, such as xenobiotic degradation. In a previous study, we have described a sulfonamide-degrading consortium consisting of a novel low-abundant actinobacterium, named strain GP, and Achromobacter denitrificans PR1. However, we found that strain GP was unable to grow independently and could not be further purified.