The Neuroprotective Effect of Erythropoietin on the Optic Nerve and Spinal Cord in Rats with Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis through the Activation of the Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase 1/2 Signaling Pathway.

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is a demyelinating disease that causes paralysis in laboratory rats. This condition lacks treatment that reverses damage to the myelin sheaths of neuronal cells. Therefore, in this study, treatment with EPO as a neuroprotective effect was established to evaluate the ERK 1/2 signaling pathway and its participation in the EAE model.

Chronic wound healing by controlled release of chitosan hydrogels loaded with silver nanoparticles and calendula extract.

As the skin is the main protective organ of the body, it is exposed to wounds or injuries which carry out a healing process during a period of approximately 15 days depending on the severity of the injury. In the present research, the development of chitosan-based hydrogels loaded with silver nanoparticles and calendula extract (Ch-AgNPs-Ce) was proposed. This can be used to fulfill the hemostatic, anti-infective, antibacterial, healing and anti-inflammatory functions through controlled release of the nanoparticles and calendula extract in substitution of commonly used drugs.

Calculating the metabolizable energy of macronutrients: a critical review of Atwater's results.

The current values for metabolizable energy of macronutrients were proposed in 1910. Since then, however, efforts to revise these values have been practically absent, creating a crucial need to carry out a critical analysis of the experimental methodology and results that form the basis of these values. Presented here is an exhaustive analysis of Atwater's work on this topic, showing evidence of considerable weaknesses that compromise the validity of his results.

Thrombin generation and international normalized ratio in inherited thrombophilia patients receiving thromboprophylactic therapy.

Background: Thrombin generation assay (TGA) is useful as a global functional test for assessing bleeding or thrombotic risk and its modification with therapy. We investigated TGA to assess anticoagulation status compared with the international normalized ratio (INR) system in patients with primary thrombophilia receiving and not undergoing thromboprophylaxis.

Materials And Methods: We studied 50 patients with at least one thrombotic event and a confirmed diagnosis of inherited thrombophilia.

Mitochondrial ATPase activity and membrane fluidity changes in rat liver in response to intoxication with buckthorn (Karwinskia humboldtiana).

Background: Karwinskia humboldtiana (Kh) is a poisonous plant of the rhamnacea family. To elucidate some of the subcellular effects of Kh toxicity, membrane fluidity and ATPase activities as hydrolytic and as proton-pumping activity were assessed in rat liver submitochondrial particles. Rats were randomly assigned into control non-treated group and groups that received 1, 1.

Immunology and oxidative stress in multiple sclerosis: clinical and basic approach.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) exhibits many of the hallmarks of an inflammatory autoimmune disorder including breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the recruitment of lymphocytes, microglia, and macrophages to lesion sites, the presence of multiple lesions, generally being more pronounced in the brain stem and spinal cord, the predominantly perivascular location of lesions, the temporal maturation of lesions from inflammation through demyelination, to gliosis and partial remyelination, and the presence of immunoglobulin in the central nervous system and cerebrospinal fluid. Lymphocytes activated in the periphery infiltrate the central nervous system to trigger a local immune response that ultimately damages myelin and axons. Pro-inflammatory cytokines amplify the inflammatory cascade by compromising the BBB, recruiting immune cells from the periphery, and activating resident microglia.

Fish oil, melatonin and vitamin E attenuates midbrain cyclooxygenase-2 activity and oxidative stress after the administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6- tetrahydropyridine.

Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease whose hallmark pathological features include a selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain. Ciclooxygenase-2 activity induction and oxidative stress have been implicated in the aetiology of Parkinson's disease and in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) animal model of Parkinson disease. Upon administration of fish oil, melatonin and vitamin E, neuroprotective effects on MPTP-induced neurotoxicity have been indicated.