Precisely adjusting the hepatic clearance of highly extracted drugs using the modified well-stirred model.

Hepatic clearance has been widely studied for over 50 yr. Many models have been developed using either theoretical or empirical tests to predict drug metabolism. The well-stirred, parallel-tube, and dispersion metabolic models have been extensively discussed.

Exosomes: Potential Therapies for Disease via Regulating TLRs.

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles that retain various substances such as proteins, nucleic acids, and small RNAs. Exosomes play crucial roles in many physiological and pathological processes, including innate immunity. Innate immunity is an important process that protects the organism through activating pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which then can induce inflammatory factors to resist pathogen invasion.

Roles of B739_1343 in iron acquisition and pathogenesis in Riemerella anatipestifer CH-1 and evaluation of the RA-CH-1ΔB739_1343 mutant as an attenuated vaccine.

Iron is one of the most important elements for bacterial survival and pathogenicity. The iron uptake mechanism of Riemerella anatipestifer (R. anatipestifer, RA), a major pathogen that causes septicemia and polyserositis in ducks, is largely unknown.

Various Profiles of Genes Addition to (X) in Isolates From Ducks in China.

To investigate tetracycline resistance and resistant genotype in , the tetracycline susceptibility of 212 isolates from China between 2011 and 2017 was tested. The results showed that 192 of 212 (90.6%) isolates exhibited resistance to tetracycline (the MICs ranged from 4 to 256 μg/ml).

Contribution of RaeB, a Putative RND-Type Transporter to Aminoglycoside and Detergent Resistance in .

is an important pathogenic bacterium that infects ducks. It exhibits resistance to multiple classes of antibiotics. Multidrug efflux pumps play a major role as a mechanism of antimicrobial resistance in Gram-negative pathogens and they are poorly understood in .

A novel resistance gene, lnu(H), conferring resistance to lincosamides in Riemerella anatipestifer CH-2.

The Gram-negative bacterium Riemerella anatipestifer CH-2 is resistant to lincosamides, having a lincomycin (LCM) minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 128 µg/mL. The G148_1775 gene of R. anatipestifer CH-2, designated lnu(H), encodes a 260-amino acid protein with ≤41% identity to other reported lincosamide nucleotidylyltransferases.

Identifying the Genes Responsible for Iron-Limited Condition in CH-1 through RNA-Seq-Based Analysis.

One of the important elements for most bacterial growth is iron, the bioavailability of which is limited in hosts. (, RA), an important duck pathogen, requires iron to live. However, the genes involved in iron metabolism and the mechanisms of iron transport are largely unknown.

The suppression of apoptosis by α-herpesvirus.

Apoptosis, an important innate immune mechanism that eliminates pathogen-infected cells, is primarily triggered by two signalling pathways: the death receptor pathway and the mitochondria-mediated pathway. However, many viruses have evolved various strategies to suppress apoptosis by encoding anti-apoptotic factors or regulating apoptotic signalling pathways, which promote viral propagation and evasion of the host defence. During its life cycle, α-herpesvirus utilizes an elegant multifarious anti-apoptotic strategy to suppress programmed cell death.

Type B Chloramphenicol Acetyltransferases Are Responsible for Chloramphenicol Resistance in , China.

causes serositis and septicaemia in domestic ducks, geese, and turkeys. Traditionally, the antibiotics were used to treat this disease. Currently, our understanding of susceptibility to chloramphenicol and the underlying resistance mechanism is limited.

Identification of the ferric iron utilization gene B739_1208 and its role in the virulence of R. anatipestifer CH-1.

Riemerella anatipestifer is an important bacterial pathogen in ducks and causes heavy economic losses in the duck industry. However, the pathogensis of this bacterium is poorly understood. In this study, a putative outer membrane hemin receptor gene B739_1208 in R.

Use of Natural Transformation To Establish an Easy Knockout Method in Riemerella anatipestifer.

is a member of the family and a major causative agent of duck serositis. Little is known about its genetics and pathogenesis. Several bacteria are competent for natural transformation; however, whether is also competent for natural transformation has not been investigated.

Evaluation of KIM-1 and NGAL as Early Indicators for Assessment of Gentamycin-Induced Nephrotoxicity In Vivo and In Vitro.

Background/aims: The aminolycoside Gentamicin is a widely used antibiotic, applied in equine medicine. Despite its clinical use, concerns remain regarding the potential toxic side-effects, such as nephrotoxicity. Early detection of renal damage is critical in preclinical drug development.

Investigation of TbfA in Riemerella anatipestifer using plasmid-based methods for gene over-expression and knockdown.

Riemerella anatipestifer is a duck pathogen that has caused serious economic losses to the duck industry worldwide. Despite this, there are few reported studies of the physiological and pathogenic mechanisms of Riemerella anatipestifer infection. In previous study, we have shown that TonB1 and TonB2 were involved in hemin uptake.

Outbreak of Avian Tuberculosis in Commercial Domestic Pekin Ducks ( Anas platyrhynchos domestica).

Avian tuberculosis is a contagious disease affecting various domestic and wild bird species, and is caused by Mycobacterium avium . It is reported extremely rarely in commercial poultry flocks and has not been reported in commercial domestic ducks to date, with domestic ducks reported to be moderately resistant to M. avium infection.

Complete Genome Sequence of Mycobacterium avium, Isolated from Commercial Domestic Pekin Ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domestica), Determined Using PacBio Single-Molecule Real-Time Technology.

Mycobacterium avium is an important pathogenic bacterium in birds and has never, to our knowledge, reported to be isolated from domestic ducks. We present here the complete genome sequence of a virulent strain of Mycobacterium avium, isolated from domestic Pekin ducks for the first time, which was determined by PacBio single-molecule real-time technology.

Comparative genomic analysis identifies structural features of CRISPR-Cas systems in Riemerella anatipestifer.

Background: Riemerella anatipestifer infection is a contagious disease that has resulted in major economic losses in the duck industry worldwide. This study attempted to characterize CRISPR-Cas systems in the disease-causing agent, Riemerella anatipestifer (R. anatipestifer).

Development and evaluation of indirect ELISAs for the detection of IgG, IgM and IgA1 against duck hepatitis A virus 1.

Duck hepatitis A virus 1 (DHAV-1) is the principal pathogen that causes duck viral hepatitis (DHV), a highly fatal infectious disease in ducklings. Given the importance of the humoral immune response in the clearance of DHAV-1, indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (I-ELISAs) to detect immune indices, including IgG, IgM and IgA1, were developed and evaluated in this study. The optimal concentrations of coating-antigen were 1.

Genome Sequence of Riemerella anatipestifer Strain RCAD0122, a Multidrug-Resistant Isolate from Ducks.

Riemerella anatipestifer is an important pathogenic bacterium in waterfowl and other avian species. We present here the genome sequence of R. anatipestifer RCAD0122, a multidrug-resistant strain isolated from infected ducks.

TonB Energy Transduction Systems of Riemerella anatipestifer Are Required for Iron and Hemin Utilization.

Riemerella anatipestifer (R. anatipestifer) is one of the most important pathogens in ducks. The bacteria causes acute or chronic septicemia characterized by fibrinous pericarditis and meningitis.

Up-regulated expression of PD-1 and its ligands during acute Classical Swine Fever virus infection in swine.

In order to investigate the relationship between the PD-1 pathway and impairment of immune responses with the CSFV infection, the mRNA expression of PD-1 and its ligands were evaluated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) during artificial CSFV infection. Simultaneously, expression of IL-2 and IL-10 mRNA were detected. The T cell proliferation and CSFV load in plasma were also measured.

KIM-1 and NGAL as biomarkers of nephrotoxicity induced by gentamicin in rats.

Gentamicin is a member of aminoglycosides, which has represented highly effective antimicrobial agents especially in Gram-negative infections despite their toxic effects in the kidney. Rapid diagnosis is vital to preserve renal function and to slow down renal injury. Owing to the poor sensitivity and specificity of serum creatinine (SCr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), new biomarkers for earlier and more accurate detection are needed.

Correlation between the glycan variations and defibrinogenating activities of acutobin and its recombinant glycoforms.

Acutobin isolated from Deinagkistrodon acutus venom has been used to prevent or treat stroke in patients. This defibrinogenating serine protease is a 39 kDa glycoprotein containing terminal disialyl-capped N-glycans. After sialidase treatment, the enzyme showed similar catalytic activities toward chromogenic substrate, and cleaved the Aα chain of fibrinogen as efficiently as the native acutobin did.