Leaf phenotypic plasticity coupled with integration facilitates the adaptation of plants to enhanced N deposition.

The response of leaf functional traits can provide vital insight into the adaptive strategies of plants under global change. However, empirical knowledge on the acclimation of functional coordination between phenotypic plasticity and integration to increased nitrogen (N) deposition is still scarce. The variation of leaf functional traits of two dominant seedling species, Machilus gamblei and Neolitsea polycarpa, across four N deposition rates (0, 3, 6, and 12 kg N hayr), along with the relationship between leaf phenotypic plasticity and integration were investigated in a subtropical montane forest.

Repeated treatment with cannabidiol but not Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol has a neuroprotective effect without the development of tolerance.

Both Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta(9)-THC) and cannabidiol are known to have a neuroprotective effect against cerebral ischemia. We examined whether repeated treatment with both drugs led to tolerance of their neuroprotective effects in mice subjected to 4h-middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. The neuroprotective effect of Delta(9)-THC but not cannabidiol was inhibited by SR141716, cannabinoid CB(1) receptor antagonist.

Effect of Toki-shakuyaku-san on acetylcholine level and blood flow in dorsal hippocampus of intact and twice-repeated ischemic rats.

The effects of Toki-shakuyaku-san (TSS) ingredients on acetylcholine (ACh) release in the dorsal hippocampus (DH) were investigated in intact and twice-repeated ischemic rats using in vivo microdialysis-HPLC. Moreover, the effect of TSS on blood flow was investigated in intact rats using laser Doppler flowmetry. TSS at 300 mg/kg p.

Rehabilitative training tasks improve spatial learning impairment in the water maze following hypoxic-ischemic insult in neonatal rats.

We recently reported that hypoxic-ischemic (HI) insult to the brain of 7-d-old rats resulted in a slowly progressive learning and memory disability, which started at around 5 wk after HI, a time frame that is representative of human adolescence. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether physical or mental exercises can prevent this late-onset, slowly progressing disability. Wistar rats were subjected to left carotid ligation followed by 2 h of hypoxic stress (8% O2 and 92% N(2) at 33 degrees C).

Post-ischemic treatment with toki-shakuyaku-san (tang-gui-shao-yao-san) prevents the impairment of spatial memory induced by repeated cerebral ischemia in rats.

Previously we have reported that Toki-shakuyaku-san (TSS) ameliorated the impairment of spatial memory induced by single cerebral ischemia (1 x 10 minutes) and scopolamine, a muscarinic receptor antagonist. In this experiment, we studied the effect of TSS on repeated cerebral ischemia (2 x 10 minutes, 1-hour interval) induced impairment of spatial memory and neuronal injury in rats. The 8-day post-ischemic treatment with TSS (30-300 mg/kg) was administered p.

Dexamethasone prevents long-lasting learning impairment following a combination of lipopolysaccharide and hypoxia-ischemia in neonatal rats.

Objective: There are no established therapies for preventing or rescuing perinatal infection or inflammation-induced perinatal brain damage. We administered dexamethasone (DEX), a synthetic corticosteroid anti-inflammatory drug, to neonatal rats in a model of such damage induced by a combination of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and hypoxia-ischemia (HI), which produces characteristic histologic and behavioral abnormalities.

Study Design: Four hours after the injection of LPS (1 mg/kg, i.