A Practical Guide to Assessing and Addressing Context in Quality Improvement.

This article highlights the often underestimated influence of context in improving the quality of inpatient pediatric care. Context includes environmental, social, cultural, and systemic factors that surround and influence health care service delivery and intervention outcomes. Underappreciation for context can be responsible for the lack of intervention success in improving patient outcomes and can lead to differences in outcomes when initiatives are replicated or spread across health care settings.

Transition to Weight-Based High-Flow Nasal Cannula Use Outside of the ICU for Bronchiolitis.

Importance: Most children's hospitals have adopted weight-based high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) bronchiolitis protocols for use outside of the intensive care unit (ICU) setting. Whether these protocols are achieving their goal of reducing bronchiolitis-related ICU admissions remains unknown.

Objective: To measure the association between hospital transition to weight-based non-ICU HFNC use and subsequent ICU admission.

Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Influenza, and Coronavirus Disease 2019 Hospitalizations in Children in Colorado During the 2021-2022 Respiratory Virus Season.

Objective: To compare demographic characteristics, clinical features, and outcomes of children hospitalized with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza, or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 during their cocirculation 2021-2022 respiratory virus season.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using Colorado's hospital respiratory surveillance data comparing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-, influenza-, and RSV-hospitalized cases < 18 years of age admitted and undergoing standardized molecular testing between October 1, 2021, and April 30, 2022. Multivariable log-binomial regression modeling evaluated associations between pathogen type and diagnosis, intensive care unit admission, hospital length of stay, and highest level of respiratory support received.

The Current State of High-Flow Nasal Cannula Protocols at Children's Hospitals.

Objectives: To describe the current state of non-ICU high flow nasal cannula (HFNC) protocols at children's hospitals and explore associations between HFNC protocol type and utilization outcomes.

Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study of the Pediatric Health Information Systems (PHIS) database. First, we designed a survey with the purpose of classifying HFNC protocols used at hospitals currently contributing data to PHIS.

Factors Associated With Clinician Self-Reported Resource Use in Acute Care and Ambulatory Pediatrics.

The objective of this study is to determine predictors of resource use among pediatric providers for common respiratory illnesses. We surveyed pediatric primary care, emergency department (ED)/urgent care (UC), and hospital medicine providers at a free-standing children's hospital system. Five clinical vignettes assessed factors affecting resource use for upper respiratory infections, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia, including provider-type, practice location, tolerance to uncertainty, and medical decision-making behaviors.

Reducing PICU-to-Floor Time-to-Transfer Decision in Critically Ill Bronchiolitis Patients using Quality Improvement Methodology.

Introduction: Specific criteria for de-escalation from the PICU are often not included in viral bronchiolitis institutional pathways. Variability of transfer preferences can prolong PICU length of stay. We aimed to decrease the time from reaching floor-appropriate heated high flow nasal cannula (HHF) settings to the transfer decision by 20% through standardizing PICU-to-floor transfer assessment in a PICU bronchiolitis cohort.

Variation in Dexamethasone Dosing and Use Outcomes for Inpatient Croup.

Objectives: Evaluate the association between dexamethasone dosing and outcomes for children hospitalized with croup.

Methods: This study was nested within a multisite prospective cohort study of children aged 6 months to 6 years admitted to 1 of 5 US children's hospitals between July 2014 and June /2016. Multivariable linear and logistic mixed-effects regression models were used to examine the association between the number of dexamethasone doses (1 vs >1) and outcomes (length of stay [LOS], cost, and 30-day same-cause reuse).

Do the Guidelines Apply?-A Multisite, Combined Stakeholder Qualitative Case Study to Understand Care Decisions in Bronchiolitis.

Background: Clinical practice guidelines for bronchiolitis recommend against tests and treatments that do not improve outcomes, yet most children admitted with bronchiolitis continue to receive them. An improved understanding of factors that influence care decisions across multiple stakeholders and diverse settings is needed to develop effective strategies to de-implement (or reduce) unnecessary testing and treatment.

Methods: We explored health care provider, care team, and parent perspectives on testing and treatment in bronchiolitis to develop a combined stakeholder account of care decisions.

Implementing Improvements: Opportunities to Integrate Quality Improvement and Implementation Science.

In hospitals, improvers and implementers use quality improvement science (QIS) and less frequently implementation research (IR) to improve health care and health outcomes. Narrowly defined quality improvement (QI) guided by QIS focuses on transforming systems of care to improve health care quality and delivery and IR focuses on developing approaches to close the gap between what is known (research findings) and what is practiced (by clinicians). However, QI regularly involves implementing evidence and IR consistently addresses organizational and setting-level factors.

Can We All Speak the Same 'Language' for Our Patients' Sake? Feedback on Interprofessional Communication and Related Resources.

Background: The Australasian Integrative Medicine Association (AIMA) established a working group to develop the AIMA Guiding Principles for Letter Writing and Letter Writing Templates. The guiding principles were developed to promote effective communication between the diverse range of healthcare practitioners (HCPs) that patients choose to consult. Following the development of the Interprofessional Communication (IPC) resources, AIMA undertook a public consultation as part of a quality assurance process to evaluate the relevance and utility of the resource.

Use of Procalcitonin in a Febrile Infant Clinical Pathway and Impact on Infants Aged 29 to 60 Days.

Objectives: Recent evidence suggests that measuring the procalcitonin level may improve identification of low-risk febrile infants who may not need intervention. We describe outcomes after the implementation of a febrile infant clinical pathway recommending measurement of the procalcitonin level for risk stratification.

Methods: In this single-center retrospective pre-post intervention study of febrile infants aged 29 to 60 days, we used interrupted time series analyses to evaluate outcomes of lumbar puncture (LP), antibiotic administration, hospital admission, and emergency department (ED) length of stay (LOS).

Real-world effectiveness and safety of ustekinumab for the treatment of Crohn's disease: the Scottish ustekinumab cohort.

Background And Aim: Ustekinumab is a monoclonal antibody that targets interleukin-12/23. In Scotland, it was approved for the treatment of moderate to severe Crohn's disease in 2017. The objective of this study was to establish the real-world effectiveness and safety of ustekinumab in the treatment of Crohn's disease.

Associations Between Quality Measures and Outcomes for Children Hospitalized With Bronchiolitis.

Objectives: To use adherence to the Pediatric Respiratory Illness Measurement System (PRIMES) indicators to evaluate the strength of associations for individual indicators with length of stay (LOS) and cost for bronchiolitis.

Methods: We prospectively enrolled children with bronchiolitis at 5 children's hospitals between July 1, 2014, and June 30, 2016. We examined associations between adherence to each individual PRIMES indicator for bronchiolitis and LOS and cost.

Qualitative Study to Understand Pediatric Hospitalists and Emergency Medicine Physicians' Perspectives of Clinical Pathways.

Introduction: Healthcare costs are rising, and clinical pathways (CPW) are one means to promote high-value care by standardizing care and improving outcomes without compromising cost or quality. However, providers do not always follow CPW, and our understanding of their perceptions is limited. Our objective was to examine pediatric hospital medicine (PHM) and pediatric emergency medicine (PEM) physician perspectives of CPW.

Vaccination Status and Adherence to Quality Measures for Acute Respiratory Tract Illnesses.

Objectives: To assess the relationship between vaccination status and clinician adherence to quality measures for children with acute respiratory tract illnesses.

Methods: We conducted a multicenter prospective cohort study of children aged 0 to 16 years who presented with 1 of 4 acute respiratory tract illness diagnoses (community-acquired pneumonia, croup, asthma, and bronchiolitis) between July 2014 and June 2016. The predictor variable was provider-documented up-to-date (UTD) vaccination status.

Pediatric Respiratory Illness Measurement System (PRIMES) Scores and Outcomes.

Background And Objectives: The Pediatric Respiratory Illness Measurement System (PRIMES) generates condition-specific composite quality scores for asthma, bronchiolitis, croup, and pneumonia in hospital-based settings. We sought to determine if higher PRIMES composite scores are associated with improved health-related quality of life, decreased length of stay (LOS), and decreased reuse.

Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study of 2334 children in 5 children's hospitals between July 2014 and June 2016.

Steroid variability in pediatric inpatient asthmatics: survey on provider preferences of dexamethasone versus prednisone.

: Our hospital's pediatric Emergency Department (ED) began using dexamethasone for treating asthma exacerbations after ED studies showed non-inferiority of dexamethasone compared to prednisone. However, providers have not reached consensus on optimal inpatient steroid regimen. This study evaluates provider preference for inpatient steroid treatment.

Predictors of Symptom Rebound in Critically Ill Patients With Croup.

Objectives: There are no data to inform the ideal length of in-hospital observation after symptom improvement or to inform the ideal dexamethasone dose in critically ill children with croup. We describe a cohort of critically ill children with croup who rebound (have return of symptom(s) after meeting hospital discharge criteria) and examine the association between the cumulative dexamethasone dose before PICU discharge and both the odds and timing of rebound.

Methods: In this single-center retrospective cohort study of subjects 6 months to 13 years of age admitted to the PICU with a primary diagnosis of croup, we employed multivariable logistic regression to evaluate the association between cumulative pre-PICU discharge dexamethasone dose and rebound.

Outcomes for Pediatric Asthmatic Inpatients After Implementation of an Emergency Department Dexamethasone Treatment Protocol.

Objectives: Evidence supports using dexamethasone for mild-to-moderate asthma exacerbations in the emergency department, but the effectiveness of dexamethasone versus prednisone for asthmatic patients who are hospitalized is unclear. Our aim was to compare outcomes for inpatients before and after our emergency department's adoption of dexamethasone for the treatment of acute asthma exacerbations.

Methods: In this single-center retrospective cohort study, we employed interrupted time series analyses to control for secular trends while evaluating our outcomes of length of stay, total inflation-adjusted hospital charges, and ICU transfer rates for patients admitted with asthma.

Using Patient Whiteboards to Engage Families in Harm Prevention and Care Planning: A Quality Improvement Study.

Objectives: Whiteboards are a valuable tool used to facilitate communication between families and the care team, but they were underused in our institution. Our aim was to increase families' knowledge of their child's plan of care, safety plan, and medical care team names by increasing the use of patient whiteboards with inpatient populations at a freestanding quaternary care children's hospital.

Methods: With this quality improvement study, we redesigned the whiteboard template to address the following 4 main barriers to use: (1) not having enough space to explain concepts to families, (2) having too much information to complete, (3) unclear roles of who completes the whiteboard, and (4) forgetting to update the whiteboard.

Interventions to Reduce Over-Utilized Tests and Treatments in Bronchiolitis.

Objectives: The American Academy of Pediatrics published bronchiolitis clinical practice guidelines in 2014 recommending against the routine use of bronchodilators, chest radiographs, or respiratory viral testing in children with a clinical diagnosis of bronchiolitis. Our aim in this project was to align care with the American Academy of Pediatrics clinical practice guidelines by decreasing the overuse of these interventions.

Methods: This study included patients who were admitted to a non-ICU setting with a primary or secondary diagnosis of bronchiolitis.

Variation in Inpatient Croup Management and Outcomes.

Background And Objectives: Croup is a clinical diagnosis, and the available evidence suggests that, except in rare cases, ancillary testing, such as radiologic imaging, is not helpful. Given the paucity of inpatient-specific evidence for croup care, we hypothesized that there would be marked variability in the use of not routinely indicated resources (NRIRs). Our primary study objective was to describe the variation and predictors of variation in the use of NRIRs.