Outcomes of shared institutional review board compared with multiple individual site institutional review board models in a multisite clinical trial.

Background: Institutional review boards play a crucial role in initiating clinical trials. Although many multicenter clinical trials use an individual institutional review board model, where each institution uses their local institutional review board, it is unknown if a shared (single institutional review board) model would reduce the time required to approve a standard institutional review board protocol.

Objective: This study aimed to compare processing times and other processing characteristics between sites using a single institutional review board model and those using their individual site institutional review board model in a multicenter clinical trial.

The impact of fluid balance on outcomes in premature neonates: a report from the AWAKEN study group.

Background: We evaluated the epidemiology of fluid balance (FB) over the first postnatal week and its impact on outcomes in a multi-center cohort of premature neonates from the AWAKEN study.

Methods: Retrospective analysis of infants <36 weeks' gestational age from the AWAKEN study (N = 1007). FB was defined by percentage of change from birth weight.

Iohexol-measured glomerular filtration rate in children and adolescents with chronic kidney disease: a pilot study comparing venous and finger stick methods.

Background: Measurement of glomerular filtration rate by iohexol disappearance (iGFR) has become a gold standard in the pediatric chronic kidney disease (CKD) population. The need for serial phlebotomy can be difficult and minimizing venipunctures would be beneficial. Furthermore, finger stick collection for dried blood spot (DBS) may be more tolerable in the pediatric population, and equivalence between these two methods may further simplify the process.

The impact of fluid balance on outcomes in critically ill near-term/term neonates: a report from the AWAKEN study group.

Background: In sick neonates admitted to the NICU, improper fluid balance can lead to fluid overload. We report the impact of fluid balance in the first postnatal week on outcomes in critically ill near-term/term neonates.

Methods: This analysis includes infants ≥36 weeks gestational age from the Assessment of Worldwide Acute Kidney injury Epidemiology in Neonates (AWAKEN) study (N = 645).

Risk factors for the hemolytic uremic syndrome in children infected with Escherichia coli O157:H7: a multivariable analysis.

Background: Escherichia coli O157:H7 is the leading cause of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Risk factors for development of this complication warrant identification.

Methods: We enrolled children infected with E.

Association between clinical risk factors and progression of chronic kidney disease in children.

Background And Objectives: Children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have an increased risk of progression to ESRD. There is a need to identify treatments to slow the progression of CKD, yet there are limited data regarding clinical risk factors that may be suitable targets to slow progression.

Design, Setting, Participants, & Measurements: We performed a retrospective cohort study using the North American Pediatric Renal Trials and Cooperative Studies CKD database.

Validation of the revised Schwartz estimating equation in a predominantly non-CKD population.

Recently, Schwartz et al. (J Am Soc Nephrol 20:629-637, 2009) used data from the National Institutes of Health-funded Chronic Kidney Disease in Children (CKiD) study to generate new equations for estimating the glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), including an update of the commonly used bedside equation. However, it is unclear if the equation can be generalized to a broader pediatric population.

Orthostatic proteinuria and the spectrum of diurnal variability of urinary protein excretion in healthy children.

The aim of this study was to characterize the 24-h and diurnal variability of urinary protein excretion and identify the prevalence of orthostatic proteinuria (OP) in healthy children. Upright, supine, and 24-h total urinary protein (UrTP) and creatinine clearance (CrCl) were measured in 91 healthy children ages 6-19 years. Urinary protein and creatinine excretions were calculated and examined by gender, age, Tanner stage, and body mass index (BMI).

Risk factors for progression of chronic kidney disease.

Purpose Of Review: The present review provides an overview of the identified risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression emphasizing the pediatric population.

Recent Findings: Over the past 10 years, there have been significant changes to our understanding and study of preterminal kidney failure. Recent refinements in the measurement of glomerular filtration rate and glomerular filtration rate estimating equations are important tools for identification and association of risk factors for CKD progression in children.

C1q nephropathy and minimal change nephrotic syndrome.

C1q nephropathy (C1qN) is an uncommon disorder seen in children and adults with nephrotic syndrome and non-specific urinary findings. It has been described with minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS), focal segmental glomerulonephritis and isolated mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis. We describe nine children with MCNS and mesangial C1q deposition.

Anemia and risk of hospitalization in pediatric chronic kidney disease.

Background And Objectives: Anemia is a well known complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD); however, the prevalence of anemia within CKD stages in the pediatric population has not been established. Additionally, the associated morbidity of anemia in the pediatric CKD population has not been elucidated.

Design, Setting, Participants, & Measurements: 2,779 patients ages 2 yr and older in the North American Pediatric Renal Trials and Collaborative Studies database with CKD stage II to V (excluding dialysis or previous transplant patients) were identified.

What happens to reading between first and third grade? Implications for students who use AAC.

School-age students who use AAC need access to communication, reading, and writing tools that can support them to actively engage in literacy learning. They also require access to core literacy learning opportunities across grade levels that foster development of conventional literacy skills. The importance of the acquisition of conventional literacy skills for students who use AAC cannot be overemphasized.