Oxygen-independent disulfide bond formation in VEGF-A and CA9.

Low levels of oxygen (hypoxia) occurs in many (patho)physiological situations. Adaptation to hypoxia is in part mediated by proteins expressed in the extracellular space that mature in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) prior to traversing the secretory pathway. The majority of such ER cargo proteins require disulfide bonds for structural stability.

Endoscopic removal of ectopic dentition in ethmoid sinus.

A 66-year-old woman presented with a 6-month history of unilateral right nasal obstruction and rhinorrhoea not responding to medical therapy. She had a history of dental implantation for an unerupted tooth on the right side 3 years ago. Physical examination including flexible nasendoscopy demonstrated yellow debris in the right middle meatus.

Epistaxis: A guide to assessment and management.

Is your patient's nosebleed a self-limiting occurrence, or a sign of something more worrisome? And which treatments are best in which situations?