Infant body composition trajectories differ by in utero exposure to gestational diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort from birth to 12 months.

Background: Infants exposed to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in utero are known to have higher fat mass (FM) and less fat-free mass (FFM) at birth, but little is known about how their adiposity changes over the first year of life.

Objectives: We identified growth and body composition patterns across the first year and evaluated for differences by GDM exposure status.

Methods: Among 198 infants (52% GDM exposed), growth and body composition with total body electrical conductivity were obtained from birth to 1 y.

Hair cortisol concentrations are associated with greater adiposity in late adolescence amongst non-Hispanic White individuals.

Introduction: Hair cortisol concentration (HCC) is a biomarker of long-term stress. Higher HCC is associated with higher adiposity in adults; however, associations are not well characterized in adolescents.

Objective: To examine cross-sectional associations of HCC with adiposity in late adolescence.

Postpartum Obesity Is Associated With Increases in Child Adiposity in Midchildhood in a Cohort of Black and Dominican Youth.

Background: Obesity disproportionately affects marginalized and low-income populations. Birth parent obesity from the prenatal period and childhood has been associated with child obesity. It is unknown whether prenatal or postnatal birth parent obesity has differential effects on subsequent changes in adiposity and metabolic health in children.

Reproductive risk factors across the female lifecourse and later metabolic health.

Metabolic health is characterized by optimal blood glucose, lipids, cholesterol, blood pressure, and adiposity. Alterations in these characteristics may lead to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus or dyslipidemia. Recent evidence suggests that female reproductive characteristics may be overlooked as risk factors that contribute to later metabolic dysfunction.

History of Infertility and Midlife Cardiovascular Health in Female Individuals.

Importance: Fertility status is a marker for future health, and infertility has been associated with risk for later cancer and diabetes, but associations with midlife cardiovascular health (CVH) in female individuals remain understudied.

Objective: To evaluate the association of infertility history with CVH at midlife (approximately age 50 years) among parous individuals.

Design, Setting, And Participants: Project Viva is a prospective cohort study of pregnant participants enrolled between 1999 and 2002 who delivered a singleton live birth in the greater Boston, Massachusetts, area.

Associations of Prenatal Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance (PFAS) Exposures with Offspring Adiposity and Body Composition at 16-20 Years of Age: Project Viva.

Background: Findings on the associations between prenatal PFAS exposures and offspring adiposity are inconsistent. Whether such associations may extend to adolescence is especially understudied.

Objectives: We investigated associations of prenatal PFAS exposures with offspring adiposity and body composition at 16-20 years of age.

Weight Loss, Stability, and Low Weight Gain during Pregnancy among Individuals with Obesity: Associations with Adverse Perinatal Outcomes: An Observational Study.

Objective: The safety of weight loss and low weight gain during pregnancy remains unclear. To determine how different patterns of gestational weight gain (GWG), including weight loss, stability, and low GWG relate to perinatal outcomes by prepregnancy obesity class.

Study Design: The study population included 29,408 singleton livebirths among pregnant people with obesity from Kaiser Permanente Northern California (2008-2013).

Prenatal Weight Change Trajectories and Perinatal Outcomes among Twin Gestations.

Objective: Despite an increase in twin pregnancies in recent decades, the Institute of Medicine twin weight gain recommendations remain provisional and provide no guidance for the pattern or timing of weight change. We sought to characterize gestational weight change trajectory patterns and examine associations with birth outcomes in a cohort of twin pregnancies.

Study Design: Prenatal and delivery records were examined for 320 twin pregnancies from a maternal-fetal medicine practice in Austin, TX 2011-2019.

Body Composition Trajectories During the First 23 Months of Life Differ by HIV Exposure Among Infants in Western Kenya: A Prospective Study.

Background: Infants who are HIV-exposed and uninfected have suboptimal growth patterns compared to those who are HIV-unexposed and uninfected. However, little is known about how these patterns persist beyond 1 year of life.

Objectives: This study aimed to examine whether infant body composition and growth trajectories differed by HIV exposure during the first 2 years of life among Kenyan infants using advanced growth modeling.

Novel approaches to examining weight changes in pregnancies affected by obesity.

Background: Current gestational weight change (GWC) recommendations for obese individuals were established with limited evidence of the pattern and timing of weight change across pregnancy. Similarly, the recommendation of 5-9 kg does not differentiate by the severity of obesity.

Objectives: We sought to describe GWC trajectory classes by obesity grade and associated infant outcomes among a large, diverse cohort.

Prenatal weight and regional body composition trajectories and neonatal body composition: The NICHD Foetal Growth Studies.

Background: Gestational weight gain (GWG) and anthropometric trajectories may affect foetal programming and are potentially modifiable.

Objectives: To assess concomitant patterns of change in weight, circumferences and adiposity across gestation as an integrated prenatal exposure, and determine how they relate to neonatal body composition.

Methods: Data are from a prospective cohort of singleton pregnancies (n = 2182) enrolled in United States perinatal centres, 2009-2013.

Breastfeeding, socioeconomic status, and long-term postpartum weight retention.

Background: Almost half of all pregnant women in the United States gain weight above Institute of Medicine gestational weight gain guidelines. Breastfeeding has been shown to reduce weight retention in the first year postpartum; however, women with lower socioeconomic status (SES) tend to initiate breastfeeding less often than women with higher SES. We investigated associations between duration of breastfeeding with mother's long-term postpartum weight status at 4-10 years and evaluated whether the associations varied by SES.

Gestational weight change and childhood body composition trajectories from pregnancy to early adolescence.

Objective: A mother-child dyad trajectory model of weight and body composition spanning from conception to adolescence was developed to understand how early life exposures shape childhood body composition.

Methods: African American (49.3%) and Dominican (50.

What stops us from eating: a qualitative investigation of dietary barriers during pregnancy in Punjab, Pakistan.

Objective: Adequate dietary intake during pregnancy is vital for the health and nutritional status of both mother and fetus. The nutritional status of reproductive age women in Pakistan is poor, with 14 % being underweight (BMI < 18·5) and 42 % experiencing Fe deficiency anaemia. This may stem from beliefs, practices and other barriers influencing dietary intake.

Prepregnancy obesity is associated with cognitive outcomes in boys in a low-income, multiethnic birth cohort.

Background: Maternal obesity and high gestational weight gain (GWG) disproportionally affect low-income populations and may be associated with child neurodevelopment in a sex-specific manner. We examined sex-specific associations between prepregnancy BMI, GWG, and child neurodevelopment at age 7.

Methods: Data are from a prospective low-income cohort of African American and Dominican women (n = 368; 44.

Prepregnancy obesity is associated with lower psychomotor development scores in boys at age 3 in a low-income, minority birth cohort.

Whether maternal obesity and gestational weight gain (GWG) are associated with early-childhood development in low-income, urban, minority populations, and whether effects differ by child sex remain unknown. This study examined the impact of prepregnancy BMI and GWG on early childhood neurodevelopment in the Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health Mothers and Newborns study. Maternal prepregnancy weight was obtained by self-report, and GWG was assessed from participant medical charts.