cAMP initiates early phase neuron-like morphology changes and late phase neural differentiation in mesenchymal stem cells.

The intracellular second messenger cAMP is frequently used in induction media to induce mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into neural lineage cells. To date, an understanding of the role cAMP exerts on MSCs and whether cAMP can induce MSCs into functional neurons is still lacking. We found cAMP initiated neuron-like morphology changes early and neural differentiation much later.

Synergistic effect of cAMP and palmitate in promoting altered mitochondrial function and cell death in HepG2 cells.

Saturated free fatty acids (FFAs), e.g. palmitate, have long been shown to induce toxicity and cell death in various types of cells.