Digital eye strain and clinical correlates in older adults.

Purpose: To evaluate the screen time habits, associated symptoms and clinical characteristics of an older population (60 years and older) drawn from primary care optometry.

Methods: Consecutive patients aged 60 years and older, who used a digital device for at least 1 hour per day, attending for an eye examination at a primary care optometric practice in Dublin, Ireland, were invited to participate. The study gathered information regarding the participant's use of digital devices, the types of devices used and duration of use.

Glare prediction and mechanism of adaptation following implantation of hydrophilic and hydrophobic intraocular lenses.

Purpose: Glare is a known side effect of intraocular lens (IOL) implantation, affected principally by IOL material and optics, although it is reported subjectively to decrease in impact with time. However, little objective data have been published on changes over time, how these relate to subjective reports, and whether those who will report greater glare symptoms can be predicted prior to IOL implantation.

Methods: A total of 32 patients (aged 72.

BCLA CLEAR Presbyopia: Evaluation and diagnosis.

It is important to be able to measure the range of clear focus in clinical practice to advise on presbyopia correction techniques and to optimise the correction power. Both subjective and objective techniques are necessary: subjective techniques (such as patient reported outcome questionnaires and defocus curves) assess the impact of presbyopia on a patient and how the combination of residual objective accommodation and their natural DoF work for them; objective techniques (such as autorefraction, corneal topography and lens imaging) allow the clinician to understand how well a technique is working optically and whether it is the right choice or how adjustments can be made to optimise performance. Techniques to assess visual performance and adverse effects must be carefully conducted to gain a reliable end-point, considering the target size, contrast and illumination.

Assessment of visual function using mobile Apps.

With the advances in smartphone and tablet screens, as well as their processing power and software, mobile apps have been developed reporting to assess visual function. This review assessed those mobile apps that have been evaluated in the scientific literature to measure visual acuity, reading metrics, contrast sensitivity, stereoacuity, colour vision and visual fields; these constitute just a small percentage of the total number of mobile apps reporting to measure these metrics available for tablets and smartphones. In general, research suggests that most of the mobile apps evaluated can accurately mimic most traditionally paper-based tests of visual function, benefitting from more even illumination from the backlit screen and aspects such as multiple tests and versions (to minimise memorisation) being available on the same equipment.

Utility of artificial intelligence-based large language models in ophthalmic care.

Purpose: With the introduction of ChatGPT, artificial intelligence (AI)-based large language models (LLMs) are rapidly becoming popular within the scientific community. They use natural language processing to generate human-like responses to queries. However, the application of LLMs and comparison of the abilities among different LLMs with their human counterparts in ophthalmic care remain under-reported.

Ciliary muscle and anterior segment characteristics in pre-presbyopic adults with Down syndrome.

Purpose: Previous research has shown that accommodation deficits are common in individuals with Down syndrome (DS), but the origin and mechanisms behind these deficits are still unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of different ocular structures involved in accommodation, in particular the ciliary muscle (CM), in a population of individuals with DS to further understand this deficit and its mechanisms.

Methods: Thirty-two volunteer participants of pre-presbyopic age with (n = 16) and without DS (n = 16) were recruited.

Assessing the utility of ChatGPT as an artificial intelligence-based large language model for information to answer questions on myopia.

Purpose: ChatGPT is an artificial intelligence language model, which uses natural language processing to simulate human conversation. It has seen a wide range of applications including healthcare education, research and clinical practice. This study evaluated the accuracy of ChatGPT in providing accurate and quality information to answer questions on myopia.

New insights in presbyopia: impact of correction strategies.

Presbyopia occurs when the physiologically normal age-related reduction in the eyes focusing range reaches a point, when optimally corrected for distance vision, that the clarity of vision at near is insufficient to satisfy an individual's requirements. Hence, it is more about the impact it has on an individual's visual ability to function in their environment to maintain their lifestyle than a measured loss of focusing ability. Presbyopia has a significant impact on an individual's quality of life and emotional state.

Artificial Tears: A Systematic Review.

Artificial tears are the mainstay of dry eye disease management, but also have a role in corneal abrasion and wound healing, pain and inflammation management, conjunctivitis, keratitis, contact lens rewetting and removal, and foreign body removal. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials (PROSPERO registration CRD42022369619) comparing the efficacy of artificial tears in patients with dry eye to inform prescribing choices using Web of Science, PubMed and Medline databases identified 64 relevant articles. There is good evidence that artificial tears improve symptoms of dry eye disease within a month of regular use, applied about four times a day, but signs generally take several months to improve.

Attitudes of optometrists in the UK and Ireland to Digital Eye Strain and approaches to assessment and management.

Purpose: To investigate the attitudes and understanding of optometrists in the UK and Ireland towards Digital Eye Strain (DES), and to examine related practice patterns.

Methods: An anonymous online questionnaire was developed, covering attitude and understanding of DES, examination of patients who may be experiencing DES and approaches to management options. The questionnaire was promoted to UK and Ireland optometrists via professional bodies and local and area optometric committees.

The efficacy of multifocal soft contact lenses for the alleviation of asthenopic symptoms in myopes with accommodative lag.

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of multifocal soft contact lenses to reduce asthenopic symptoms in myopes with accommodative lag.

Methods: Twenty-four myopic participants, aged 18-35 years, with mean spherical equivalent (MSE) of ≤ -0.75D, were recruited in a randomised, double-blind crossover study.

Factors Influencing Pseudo-Accommodation-The Difference between Subjectively Reported Range of Clear Focus and Objectively Measured Accommodation Range.

The key determinants of the range of clear focus in pre-presbyopes and their relative contributions to the difference between subjective range of focus and objective accommodation assessments have not been previously quantified. Fifty participants (aged 33.0 ± 6.

Rotational Stability and Centration of a New Toric Lens Design Platform Using Objective Image Analysis Over 6 Months.

Purpose: To determine the rotational stability of the Rayner 600S intraocular lens (IOL) (Rayner, Worthing, United Kingdom) using objective image analysis techniques.

Methods: A total of 66 patients (mean age: 69.92 ± 8.

Digital eye strain: prevalence, measurement and amelioration.

Digital device usage has increased substantially in recent years across all age groups, so that extensive daily use for both social and professional purposes is now normal. Digital eye strain (DES), also known as computer vision syndrome, encompasses a range of ocular and visual symptoms, and estimates suggest its prevalence may be 50% or more among computer users. Symptoms fall into two main categories: those linked to accommodative or binocular vision stress, and external symptoms linked to dry eye.

Refraction during incipient presbyopia: The Aston Longitudinal Assessment of Presbyopia (ALAP) study.

Purpose: To investigate non-cycloplegic changes in refractive error prior to the onset of presbyopia.

Methods: The Aston Longitudinal Assessment of Presbyopia (ALAP) study is a prospective 2.5 year longitudinal study, measuring objective refractive error using a binocular open-field WAM-5500 autorefractor at 6-month intervals in participants aged between 33 and 45 years.

Does transient increase in axial length during accommodation attenuate with age?

Background: The aim was to profile transient accommodative axial length changes from early adulthood to advanced presbyopia and to determine whether any differences exist between the responses of myopic and emmetropic individuals.

Methods: Ocular biometry was measured by the LenStar biometer (Haag-Streit, Switzerland) in response to zero, 3.00 and 4.

A longitudinal study of accommodative changes in biometry during incipient presbyopia.

Purpose: To profile accommodative biometric changes longitudinally and to determine the influence of age-related ocular structural changes on the accommodative response prior to the onset of presbyopia.

Methods: Twenty participants (aged 34-41 years) were reviewed at six-monthly intervals over two and a half years. At each visit, ocular biometry was measured with the LenStar biometer (www.

A program to analyse optical coherence tomography images of the ciliary muscle.

Purpose: To describe and validate bespoke software designed to extract morphometric data from ciliary muscle Visante Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography (AS-OCT) images.

Method: Initially, to ensure the software was capable of appropriately applying tiered refractive index corrections and accurately measuring orthogonal and oblique parameters, 5 sets of custom-made rigid gas-permeable lenses aligned to simulate the sclera and ciliary muscle were imaged by the Visante AS-OCT and were analysed by the software. Human temporal ciliary muscle data from 50 participants extracted via the internal Visante AS-OCT caliper method and the software were compared.

Evaluating the effect of splitting cylindrical power on improving patient tolerance to toric lens misalignment.

Purpose: Evaluating the impact of splitting toric power on patient tolerance to misorientation such as with intraocular lens rotation.

Setting: University vision clinic.

Methods: Healthy, non astigmats had +1.

Exploring the optimum step size for defocus curves.

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of reducing the number of visual acuity measurements made in a defocus curve on the quality of data quantified.

Setting: Midland Eye, Solihull, United Kingdom.

Design: Evaluation of a technique.

Visual outcomes and subjective experience after bilateral implantation of a new diffractive trifocal intraocular lens.

Purpose: To assess clinical outcomes and subjective experience after bilateral implantation of a diffractive trifocal intraocular lens (IOL).

Setting: Midland Eye Institute, Solihull, United Kingdom.

Design: Cohort study.

Clinical outcomes after implantation of a new hydrophobic acrylic toric IOL during routine cataract surgery.

Purpose: To assess the clinical outcomes after implantation of a new hydrophobic acrylic toric intraocular lens (IOL) to correct preexisting corneal astigmatism in patients having routine cataract surgery.

Setting: Four hospital eye clinics throughout Europe.

Design: Cohort study.

Design and validity of a miniaturized open-field aberrometer.

Purpose: To design and validate a new miniaturized open-field wavefront device that can be attached to an ophthalmic surgical microscope or slitlamp.

Setting: Solihull Hospital and Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom.

Design: Comparative noninterventional study.