Toxicological evaluation and metabolism of two -alkyl benzamide umami flavour compounds: -(heptan-4-yl)benzo[d][1,3]dioxole-5-carboxamide and ()--(1-methoxy-4-methylpentan-2-yl)-3,4-dimethylbenzamide.

Toxicological evaluations of two -alkyl benzamide umami flavour compounds, -(heptan-4-yl)benzo[d][1,3]dioxole-5-carboxamide (S807, CAS 745047-51-2) and ()--(1-methoxy-4-methylpentan-2-yl)-3,4-dimethylbenzamide (S9229, CAS 851669-60-8), were completed for the purpose of assessing their safety for use in food and beverage applications. Both S807 and S9229 undergo rapid oxidative metabolism by both rat and human liver microsomes . In pharmacokinetic studies in rats, the systemic exposure to S9229 on oral administration is very low at all doses (% F < 1%), while that of S807 demonstrated a non-linear dose dependence.

Toxicological evaluation of a novel umami flavour compound: 2-(((3-(2,3-Dimethoxyphenyl)-1-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)thio)methyl)pyridine.

A toxicological evaluation of a umami flavour compound, 2-(((3-(2,3-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)thio)methyl)pyridine (S3643; CAS 902136-79-2), was completed for the purpose of assessing its safety for use in food and beverage applications. S3643 undergoes extensive oxidative metabolism with rat microsomes producing the S3643-sulfoxide and 4'-hydroxy-S3643 as the major metabolites. In incubations with human microsomes, the -demethyl-S3643 and S3643-sulfoxide were produced as the major metabolites.

Toxicological evaluation of two novel bitter modifying flavour compounds: 3-(1-((3,5-dimethylisoxazol-4-yl)methyl)-1-pyrazol-4-yl)-1-(3-hydroxybenzyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione and 3-(1-((3,5-dimethylisoxazol-4-yl)methyl)-1-pyrazol-4-yl)-1-(3-hydroxybenzyl)-5,5-dimethylimidazolidine-2,4-dione.

A toxicological evaluation of two novel bitter modifying flavour compounds, 3-(1-((3,5-dimethylisoxazol-4-yl)methyl)-1-pyrazol-4-yl)-1-(3-hydroxybenzyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione (S6821, CAS 1119831-25-2) and 3-(1-((3,5-dimethylisoxazol-4-yl)methyl)-1-pyrazol-4-yl)-1-(3-hydroxybenzyl)-5,5-dimethylimidazolidine-2,4-dione (S7958, CAS 1217341-48-4), were completed for the purpose of assessing their safety for use in food and beverage applications. S6821 undergoes oxidative metabolism , and in rat pharmacokinetic studies both S6821 and S7958 are rapidly converted to the corresponding O-sulfate and O-glucuronide conjugates. S6821 was not found to be mutagenic or clastogenic , and did not induce micronuclei in bone marrow polychromatic erythrocytes .

Toxicological evaluation of a novel cooling compound: 2-(4-methylphenoxy)--(1-pyrazol-3-yl)--(2-thienylmethyl)acetamide.

A toxicological evaluation of a novel cooling agent, 2-(4-methylphenoxy)--(1-pyrazol-3-yl)--(2-thienylmethyl) acetamide (S2227; CAS 1374760-95-8), was completed for the purpose of assessing its safety for use in food and beverage applications. S2227 undergoes rapid oxidative metabolism , and in rat and dog pharmacokinetic studies is rapidly converted to its component carboxylic acid and secondary amine. S2227 was not found to be mutagenic or clastogenic , and did not induce micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes .

Toxicological evaluation of the flavour ingredient 4-amino-5-(3-(isopropylamino)-2,2-dimethyl-3-oxopropoxy)-2-methylquinoline-3-carboxylic acid.

A toxicological evaluation of 4-amino-5-(3-(isopropylamino)-2,2-dimethyl-3-oxopropoxy)-2-methylquinoline-3-carboxylic acid(S9632; CAS 1359963-68-0), a flavour with modifying properties,was completed for the purpose of assessing its safety for use in food and beverage applications. No Phase I biotransformations of S9632 were observed in rat or human microsomes , and in rat pharmacokinetic studies, the compound was poorly orally bioavailable and rapidly eliminated. S9632 was not found to be mutagenic or clastogenic , and did not induce micronuclei or indicate interactions with the mitotic spindle in an mouse micronucleus assay at oral doses up to 2000 mg/kg.

Toxicological evaluation of two flavors with modifying properties: 3-((4-amino-2,2-dioxido-1H-benzo[c][1,2,6]thiadiazin-5-yl)oxy)-2,2-dimethyl-N-propylpropanamide and (S)-1-(3-(((4-amino-2,2-dioxido-1H-benzo[c][1,2,6]thiadiazin-5-yl)oxy)methyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-methylbutan-1-one.

A toxicological evaluation of two structurally related flavors with modifying properties, 3-((4-amino-2,2-dioxido-1H- benzo[c][1,2,6]thiadiazin-5-yl)oxy)-2,2-dimethyl-N-propylpropanamide (S6973; CAS 1093200-92-0) and (S)-1-(3-(((4-amino-2,2-dioxido-1H-benzo[c][1,2,6]thiadiazin-5-yl)oxy)methyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-methylbutan-1-one (S617; CAS 1469426-64-9), was completed for the purpose of assessing their safety for use in food and beverage applications. Both compounds exhibited minimal oxidative metabolism in vitro, and in rat pharmacokinetic studies, were poorly absorbed and rapidly eliminated. Neither compound exhibited genotoxic concerns.

A guide for preceptors of advance practice nursing students caring for women and infants.

Women's health care in the United States has been described as unsatisfactory and falling behind the Healthy People 2010 objectives. Inadequate health care due to a shortage of providers is especially problematic for women who are poor with lower socioeconomic status. Advanced practice nurses are well suited to address this need.