Antiracism: An Ethical Imperative.

Pediatric ethicists hold a privileged position of influence within health care institutions. Such a position confers a corresponding responsibility to address barriers to the health and flourishing of all children. A major barrier to children's health is racism.

Knowledge and Attitudes of Guam Residents towards Cancer Clinical Trial Participation.

(1) Background: Currently there are no cancer clinical trials in Guam, where CHamoru people suffer the highest rates of cancer mortality, and interest to do so is growing. This study investigated the knowledge and attitudes of Guam residents towards cancer clinical trial participation prior to implementation. (2) Methods: A telephone survey was developed, tested, and conducted among Guam resident adults, 18 years of age and older.

Preventive Care in Children and Adolescents.

This article describes the current state of migration of immigrant children into the United Sates and the various categories of immigrant children, including refugees, asylum seekers, unaccompanied minors, adoptees, and Special Immigrant Visa holders, hereafter called immigrant children. It focuses on guidelines for medical screening and management of newcomer immigrant children and adolescents and their ongoing preventive care. This article also addresses challenges unique to immigrant children and adolescents and the importance of culturally sensitive anticipatory guidance.

Diagnostic Biomarkers in Liver Injury by Drugs, Herbs, and Alcohol: Tricky Dilemma after EMA Correctly and Officially Retracted Letter of Support.

Liver injuries caused by the use of exogenous compounds such as drugs, herbs, and alcohol are commonly well diagnosed using laboratory tests, toxin analyses, or eventually reactive intermediates generated during metabolic degradation of the respective chemical in the liver and subject to covalent binding by target proteins. Conditions are somewhat different for idiosyncratic drug induced liver injury (DILI), for which metabolic intermediates as diagnostic aids are rarely available. Although the diagnosis of idiosyncratic DILI can well be established using the validated, liver specific, structured, and quantitative RUCAM (Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method), there is an ongoing search for new diagnostic biomarkers that could assist in and also confirm RUCAM-based DILI diagnoses.

Cancer Related to Herbs and Dietary Supplements: Online Table of Case Reports. Part 5 of 5.

A current listing of potentially life-threatening, cancer-related dietary supplements (DSs; includes herbs) based on PubMed case reports was summarized in online tables that can now be updated continually to forewarn United States consumers, clinicians, and DS companies. Documented PubMed case reports were used to create a "Toxic Table" related to cancer (1966 to April 2016, and cross-referencing). Keywords included "herb" or "dietary supplement" combined with "cancer" as well as the specific herb "name" combined with "cancer" and sometimes "toxicity.

Heart Toxicity Related to Herbs and Dietary Supplements: Online Table of Case Reports. Part 4 of 5.

Background: The purpose of this review was to create an online research summary table of heart toxicity case reports related to dietary supplements (DS; includes herbs).

Methods: Documented PubMed case reports of DS appearing to contribute to heart-related problems were used to create a "Toxic Table" that summarized the research (1966 to April, 2016, and cross-referencing). Keywords included "herb," "dietary supplement," and cardiac terms.

Kidney toxicity related to herbs and dietary supplements: Online table of case reports. Part 3 of 5 series.

Background: No tabular summary of potentially life-threatening, kidney-toxic dietary supplements (DS; includes herbs) based on PubMed case reports is currently available online and continually updated to forewarn United States consumers, clinicians, and companies manufacturing DS. The purpose of this review was to create an online research summary table of kidney toxicity case reports related to DS.

Methods: Documented PubMed case reports (1966 to May 2016, and cross-referencing) of DS appearing to contribute to kidney toxicity were listed in "DS Toxic Tables.

An overview of herb and dietary supplement efficacy, safety and government regulations in the United States with suggested improvements. Part 1 of 5 series.

This is the first of five review articles investigating dietary supplements (DS; includes herbs) that now exceed over 50,000 in the Office of Dietary Supplement's "Dietary Supplement Label Database." Four review articles follow summarizing published medical case reports of DS related to liver toxicity, kidney toxicity, heart toxicity, and cancer. The most popular DS were vitamin or mineral supplements (43%) followed by specialty supplements (20%), botanicals (20%; herbs), and sports supplements (16%).

Liver toxicity related to herbs and dietary supplements: Online table of case reports. Part 2 of 5 series.

Background: No online current list of potentially life-threatening, hepatotoxic herbs and dietary supplements based on PubMed case reports exists in a summarized tabular form.

Methods: Documented case reports of herbs or dietary supplements (DS; includes herbs) appearing to contribute to liver injury were used to create an online "DS Toxic Table" of potentially hepatotoxic herbs and dietary supplements (PubMed, 1966 to June, 2016, and cross-referencing). The spectrum of DS induced liver injuries (DSILI) included elevated liver enzymes, hepatitis, steatosis, cholestasis, hepatic necrosis, hepatic fibrosis, hepatic cirrhosis, veno-occlusive disease, acute liver failure requiring a liver transplant, and death.

Anticancer activity of Morinda citrifolia (Noni) fruit: a review.

This review investigated the relationship of noni juice, or its extract (fruit, leaves or root), to anticancer and/or immunostimulant properties. A Medline search was conducted using the key search words 'Morinda citrifolia' and 'Morinda citrifolia and cancer' (1964 to October, 2011) along with cross-referencing. Botanical and chemical indexes were not included.

Gluten sensitivity: problems of an emerging condition separate from celiac disease.

Gluten sensitivity appears to be emerging as a separate condition from celiac disease, yet no clear definition or diagnosis exists. As a result, patients with gluten sensitivity experience delayed diagnosis and continuing symptoms if they consume gluten. This emerging medical problem may involve human genetics, plant genetic modifications, gluten as a food additive, environmental toxins, hormonal influences, intestinal infections and autoimmune diseases.

Autoimmune and gastrointestinal dysfunctions: does a subset of children with autism reveal a broader connection?

A large number of autoimmune disorders have a gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction component that may interplay with genetic, hormonal, environmental and/or stress factors. This narrarive review investigates possible links between autism, immune system abnormalities and GI symptoms in a subgroup of children with autism. A literature search on Medline (1950 to September 2010) was conducted to identify relevant articles by using the keywords 'autism and gastrointestinal' (71 publications) and 'autism and immune' (237 publications), cross-referencing and general searching to evaluate the available literature on the immunological and GI aspects of autism.

Existing dietary guidelines for Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) often question their doctors about diet. The objectives of this article are to provide clinicians with existing dietary advice by presenting the dietary information proposed by medical societies in the form of clinical practice guidelines as it relates to IBD; listing dietary guidelines from patient-centered IBD-related organizations; and creating a new 'global practice guideline' that attempts to consolidate the existing information regarding diet and IBD. The dietary suggestions derived from sources found in this article include nutritional deficiency screening, avoiding foods that worsen symptoms, eating smaller meals at more frequent intervals, drinking adequate fluids, avoiding caffeine and alcohol, taking vitamin/mineral supplementation, eliminating dairy if lactose intolerant, limiting excess fat, reducing carbohydrates and reducing high-fiber foods during flares.

Does evidence exist to include dietary therapy in the treatment of Crohn's disease?

Prescription drugs and surgery are two common medical therapies for Crohn's disease (CD), an inflammatory bowel disease that affects the GI tract. Unfortunately, certain drugs can cause serious side effects, and surgeries must often be repeated. No diet has been established to alleviate the pain and suffering of CD patients.

Position of the American Dietetic Association: functional foods.

All foods are functional at some physiological level, but it is the position of the American Dietetic Association (ADA) that functional foods that include whole foods and fortified, enriched, or enhanced foods have a potentially beneficial effect on health when consumed as part of a varied diet on a regular basis, at effective levels. ADA supports research to further define the health benefits and risks of individual functional foods and their physiologically active components. Health claims on food products, including functional foods, should be based on the significant scientific agreement standard of evidence and ADA supports label claims based on such strong scientific substantiation.

Ginger's (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) inhibition of rat colonic adenocarcinoma cells proliferation and angiogenesis in vitro.

Ginger's (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) natural bioactives, specifically ginger extract and 6-gingerol, were measured for their in vitro inhibition of two key aspects of colon cancer biology--cancer cell proliferation and angiogenic potential of endothelial cell tubule formation. Ginger extract was obtained via column distillation, while the 6-gingerol was purchased from Calbiochem. Antiproliferation activity was assessed through tritiated thymidine ([(3)H]Tdr) incorporation studies of YYT colon cancer cells; the anti-angiogenic ability of gingerol was assessed by a Matrigel assays using MS1 endothelial cells.

Traditional kava beverage consumption and liver function tests in a predominantly Tongan population in Hawaii.

Purpose: To determine the effects of traditionally prepared kava beverages on the liver function tests of regular kava beverage consumers in a population of Tongan and non-Tongan residents of Hawaii (Oahu).

Methods: The liver function tests of 31 healthy adult kava drinkers were compared against a control group of 31 healthy adult non-kava drinkers. Subjects were recruited from the general population, a kava bar, and Tongan kava drinking circles.

The anti-cancer effects of poi (Colocasia esculenta) on colonic adenocarcinoma cells In vitro.

Hawaiians tend to have lower incidence rates of colorectal cancer and it was hypothesized that this may be due to ethnic differences in diet, specifically, their consumption of poi, a starchy paste made from the taro (Colocasia esulenta L.) plant corm. Soluble extracts of poi were incubated at 100 mg/mL in vitro for antiproliferative activity against the rat YYT colon cancer cell line.

Effectiveness of kukui nut oil as a topical treatment for psoriasis.

Background: No cure for psoriasis exists for the 1-3% of the American population who suffer from it; however, anecdotal reports from patients with psoriasis visiting Hawaii who purchased kukui nut oil, claim it helped reduce the severity of their lesions.

Objective: This pilot study was a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial to determine the effectiveness of kukui nut oil as a topical treatment for psoriasis.

Methods: Thirty adult subjects (18-78 year) were recruited from the community for a 12-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study.