[The inadequate physical activity as risk factor of non-communicable diseases].

The article presents brief review of impact of inadequate physical activity on development of non-communicable diseases. The low physical activity is among top five most significant factors of premature death and is the cause of more than 20% of cases of diabetes mellitus II and chronic cardiovascular diseases. The article considers mode of assessing intensity of physical activity based on using metabolic equivalent.

[The activities on increasing level of physical activity: The international experience].

The article presents analysis of measures targeted to increasing level of physical activity implemented in various countries. The state programs of prevention of hypodynamia are to be implemented at individual, group and population levels. The efficiency of such state programs in different countries are analyzed.

[The problems related to implementation of AI into health care system: A review].

The AI technologies are more and more widely implemented into modern health care. the mobile medical applications permit to monitor course of chronic diseases and form healthier behavior in patients, to reduce number of visits to medical organizations and to improve accessibility of medical care for limited mobile patients. However, actually there are number of problems limiting implementation of AI into functioning of health services.

[Features of the implementation of 12-step treatment programs for Alcoholics Anonymous and other programs for the treatment of alcohol use disorders].

Alcoholism remains an urgent problem, as alcohol-related mortality is approximately 10 times higher than that from all drugs and accounts for 5.1% of the total global burden of disease. The solution to this problem is multifaceted and includes a wide range of medical services.

[Some aspects of non-medical use of narcotic substances].

The article presents foreign data on the non-medical use of certain combinations of narcotic drugs, the range of their effects on the body of patients, as well as the development of state response measures and propaganda of the rejection of the use of narcotic drugs among populations at risk. It is noted that the use of narcotic drugs without medical indications is a global public health problem. In addition to the negative impact on health, the use of narcotic drugs aggravates existing mental illnesses, and on the other hand, the presence of mental pathology accelerates the formation of drug addiction.

[Risk factors and protective factors for substance abuse among adolescents].

The article presents a brief descriptive review aimed at identifying risk factors and protective factors of drug abuse among adolescents in three important areas - personality, family and society. Individual risk factors are described: high impulsivity, rebelliousness, violation of emotional balance, alexithymia. Family risk factors were prenatal smoking of the mother, and her poor psychological status, low education of parents, the presence of family members who use psychoactive substances.

[The application of artificial intellect in health care: prospects and challenges for science and clinical medicine].

The paper analyses publications data related to issues of application of AI and machine learning systems in medical science and practice. The particular attention is paid to key points of AI application in health care: diagnostics, telemedicine, development of new medications, medical rehabilitation and management decision-making process. Despite broad perspectives of applying the given systems in clinical practice and pharmaceutical industry, there are a number of such unsolved problems as ensuring information security, risk of making erroneous decisions and necessity to change existing normative legal base of health care.

[The pharmacogenetics as integral part of personalized medicine: problems and prospects].

The article considers issues of implementation into clinical practice the principles of 5P medicine in its part of individualization of therapeutic tactics considering genetic characteristics of patients. The analysis of studies concerning influence of allelic variations on metabolism, safety and tolerance of the most often prescribed medicinal preparations was implemented. The main assumptions of pharmacogenomics were considered.

[The improvement of medical education within the framework of scientific educational cluster].

The article presents analysis of problems of training of physicians. The defects of professional orientation of applicants were noted, resulting in the fact that 19% of students already during their studies choose not to work in health care after graduation. Besides, deficiency of practical experience among students, as well imbalance of training of specialists in various specialties, shortage of budget places in residency, dissatisfaction of young physicians with working conditions and its schedule was registered.

[The brief characteristic of manpower potential in health care of Greece, Spain, Bulgaria].

The article presents brief descriptive review of manpower resources in health care of Greece, Spain and Bulgaria. It is noted that countries differ in redundancy of specialists at relative deficiency of general practitioners. The medical personnel of analyzed countries are characterized by aging, tendency to migration to other countries, deficiency of paramedical personnel and excess of required number of dentists that is especially pronounced in Bulgaria.

[Brief description of the healthcare systems of Greece, Spain and Bulgaria].

The review of healthcare systems presented in the article notes the diversity of healthcare management in Greece, Spain, and Bulgaria. All these systems have more or less pronounced state subsystems with different centralization of management, the maximum level of which is represented in Bulgaria. Medical care is provided at several levels, while the provision of primary health care still requires improvement in Greece and Bulgaria.

[Brief description of inpatient care in a number of European countries: Austria, Belgium, Germany and Estonia].

The article devoted to the description of some aspects of inpatient care for the population of a number of European countries presents data on the number of hospitalizations, provision of inpatient beds for the population, financing of inpatient services. There are different approaches in the organization of inpatient care and its management, low rates of occupancy of inpatient beds are recorded, which indicates an oversupply of medical services. As an interesting experience, the facts of attracting trained volunteers in Austria to provide emergency care are given.

[Brief description of current problems and ongoing reforms of healthcare systems in Greece, Bulgaria a nd Spain].

The article is a description of the problems and reforms of the healthcare systems of Greece, Bulgaria, Spain. The range of existing problems includes the imperfection of management and financing of healthcare in these countries, which leads to a high level of co-financing of medical care by the population itself, a shortage of medical personnel and their uneven distribution within countries, the predominance of inpatient medical services, reduced availability (waiting time for medical care). In addition, Greece and Bulgaria have a high prevalence of risk factors for non-communicable diseases with weak or no screening programs.

[Brief description of the current problems of the health systems of Austria, Belgium, Germany and Estonia].

The article provides a brief overview of the current problems of health systems in a number of European countries and measures aimed at solving them. Noting the high level of health systems in these countries, it is also necessary to recognize their expensive cost due to the predominance of inpatient medical care. Almost all health care systems are experiencing staff shortages of varying degrees of severity, difficulties with ensuring equal access to medical care.

[Some aspects of ensuring patients' rights and accessibility of medical care in Austria, Belgium, Germany and Estonia].

The article devoted to ensuring the rights of patients and the availability of medical care in Austria, Belgium, Germany and Estonia notes the experience of creating an institute of independent ombudsmen who plays an important role in this issue. Basically, in these countries, the choice of a medical organization and a doctor is possible, and in Belgium the right to choose an insurance organization is granted. Patients in these countries are given the right to control the process of providing them with medical care, including its payment and joint decision-making with the doctor on treatment tactics.

[Brief description of some aspects of public health in Austria, Belgium, Germany and Estonia].

The article, which reviews some aspects of public health in Austria, Belgium, Germany and Estonia, highlights the achievements of public health in these countries, which is expressed in an increase in life expectancy, primarily due to a reduction in mortality from cardiovascular diseases. In the countries listed above, there is a difference in life expectancy, both between men and women, and between people with higher and basic education. There is still an urgent problem of the prevalence of risk factors - smoking and alcohol consumption, while the level of physical activity of residents of the designated countries can be called high.

[Review of foreign healthcare systems and ongoing reforms in China and Vietnam].

The article is devoted to the review of some aspects of health care reform abroad, the emphasis is placed on the study of measures to achieve universal health coverage (HEU) in China and Vietnam. There is a significant similarity of problematic issues in the health care of most countries, which include ensuring equal access to quality medical care, shortage of medical personnel, financing of medical care. A review of the studied reforms showed that those that are addressed to a specific health problem achieve greater success, especially in the field of public health reform.

[Brief description of the personnel potential of healthcare in Greece, Spain and Bulgaria].

The article presents a brief descriptive overview of the human resources of healthcare in Greece, Spain and Bulgaria. It is noted that they differ in the redundancy of specialist doctors with a relative shortage of general practitioners. The medical personnel of these countries are characterized by aging, a tendency to migrate to other countries, a shortage of secondary medical personnel, an excess of the required number of dentists, which is especially pronounced in Bulgaria.

[The brief characteristic of certain aspects of functioning of health care systems of Iran and the United Arab Emirates (a review)].

The article presents review of publications and national reports concerning various aspects of functioning of health care systems of Iran and the UAE. It is noted that the state in these countries plays different role in supporting population with medical care. It is larger and more significant in Iran than in the UAE.

[The short characteristic of particular aspects of of public health of Greece, Spain, Bulgaria].

The article presents short characteristic of relevant scientific publications concerning some aspects of public health of Greece, Spain and Bulgaria and presented in the PubMed database in 2014-2020. The rather high indicators of life expectancy, low values of maternal and infant mortality are marked. The best results are established in Spain.

[The comparative analysis of opinions of residents of the northern Caucasus Okrug and persons making decisions concerning issues of healthy municipal planning in its municipalities].

The article presents comparative results of studying opinion of citizens and officials making decisions on modernization of urban environment, about cities conditions. It is established that valuations of citizens and decision makers about urban infrastructure, its quantity and quality, process of cooperation in this area as well as consideration of interests in healthy urban planning differ significantly. The majority of surveyed decision-makers are more satisfied with conditions of their city infrastructure than citizens.

[The evaluation of opinions of residents of the Northern Caucasus Okrug about healthy municipal planning issues].

The article presents the results of examination of opinions of residents of the North Caucasus Federal District concerning healthy urban planning issues. The most residents of large cities are satisfied with infrastructure of their city, while residents of small towns are less satisfied with it. The prioritization of importance of solving various problems of urban life, opinions of residents are not solidary and differ depending on age and place of residence of respondents.

[The medical mistakes as consequence of poor communication].

The article is devoted to medical errors and complaints of patients, as well as to role that communications of interested parties plays in this. The patients complaints are often caused by lack of information, unprofessional approach (lacking of respect to patient and lack of empathy, poor communication skills, abusing of one's official position). The models of response of medical workers to mistakes made are described.

[Analysis of the provision of medical personnel in the subjects of the North Caucasus Federal District].

The article presents the results of a comparative analysis of the provision of medical personnel. Differences in the indicators of provision with specialists of various profiles have been studied. It is noted that in the North Caucasian Federal District the total values ​​of the medical service density indicator are lower than in the Russian Federation by 2.