Development of Seizures Following Traumatic Brain Injury: A Retrospective Study.

: The multifaceted impact of Traumatic brain injury (TBI) encompasses complex healthcare costs and diverse health complications, including the emergence of Post-Traumatic Seizures (PTS). In this study, our goal was to discern and elucidate the incidence and risk factors implicated in the pathogenesis of PTS. We hypothesize that the development of PTS following TBI varies based on the type and severity of TBI.

The effect of induced hypertension in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: A narrative review.

Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage ‎(aSAH) ‎accounts for 2-5% of all strokes, and 10%-15% of ‎aSAH patients will not survive until hospital admission. Induced hypertension (IH) is an emerging therapeutic option being used for the treatment of vasospasm in ‎aSAH. For patients with cerebral vasospasm (CVS) consequent to SAH, IH is implemented to increase systolic blood pressure (SBP) in order to optimize cerebral blood flow (CBF) and prevent delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI).

Early Versus Late Tracheostomy in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury: A US Nationwide Analysis.

Background: One of the most critical issues in patients suffering from traumatic brain injury (TBI) is protecting the airway and attempting to keep a secure airway. It is evident that tracheostomy in patients with TBI after 7-14 days can have favorable outcomes if the patient cannot be extubated; however, some clinicians have recommended early tracheostomy before 7 days.

Methods: A retrospective cohort of inpatient study participants was queried from the National Inpatient Sample to include patients with TBI between 2016 and 2020 undergoing tracheostomy and outcomes between the two groups of early tracheostomy (ET) (< 7 days from admission) and late tracheostomy (LT) (≥ 7 days from admission) were compared.

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in SARS-CoV-2 infection: A case report and review of literature.

Consider PRES in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients who develop encephalopathy, seizures or impaired vision; especially if the disease is complicated by respiratory distress and need for mechanical ventilation.

Comparison between clevidipine and nicardipine in cerebrovascular diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Purpose: The term "cerebrovascular diseases (CVDs)" refers to a broad category of diseases that affect the brain's blood vessels and cerebral circulation. Controlling acute hypertension (HTN) by antihypertensive drugs such as clevidipine and nicardipine can be a highly efficient method of lowering the incidence of CVDs.

Methods: This is a systematic review and meta-analysis study.

The Clinical, Diagnostic, Therapeutic, and Prognostic Characteristics of Brain Metastases in Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review.

Aim: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common nonskin malignancy and the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths in men. The most common site of metastasis in PCa is the axial skeleton which may lead to back pain or pathological fractures. Hematogenous spread to the brain and involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) are a rare occurrence.

The Incidence of Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy in Patients with Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A US Nationwide Study.

Background: Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TC) is a commonly observed complication among patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH); however, the incidence of TC in patients with ICH have not been investigated yet. The goal of this study was to examine the incidence of TC in ICH and identify its risk factors, incidence rate, and outcomes of TC in patients with ICH in a US nationwide scale.

Methods: Data for patients with ICH between the years of 2015 and 2018 were extracted from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample and stratified based on the diagnosis of TC.

Trends in Inpatient Utilization of Head Computerized Tomography Scans in the United States: A Brief Cross-Sectional Study.

Background Although computed tomography (CT) has revolutionized the field of medicine due to its incredible diagnostic capabilities, the trends regarding the usage of CT scans, especially in the field of neuroscience, are not very clear. We aim to find the trends in the usage of inpatient head CT scans in the United States using a robust database.  Methods We queried the national inpatient usage of head CT scans in the United States from 1997 to 2014 using a robust national database.

Pneumonia in Nervous System Injuries: An Analytic Review of Literature and Recommendations.

Pneumonia is one of the most common complications in intensive care units and is the most common nosocomial infection in this setting. Patients with neurocritical conditions who are admitted to ICUs are no exception, and in fact, are more prone to infections such as pneumonia because of factors such as swallow dysfunction, need for mechanical ventilation, longer length of stay in hospitals, etc. Common central nervous system pathologies such as ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracerebral hemorrhage, neuromuscular disorders, status epilepticus, and demyelinating diseases can cause long in-hospital admissions and increase the risk of pneumonia each with a mechanism of its own.

Neuroblastoma: Essential genetic pathways and current therapeutic options.

Neuroblastoma is a very diverse pediatric tumor that starts from the neural crest, and it is responsible over more than 15% of all juvenile cancer deaths. Clinical signs and symptoms are highly dependent on tumor origin and spread. Bone, lymph nodes, liver, intracranial and orbital tissues, lungs, and the central nervous system are frequently involved in metastatic neuroblastoma.

The association of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: A U.S. nationwide analysis.

Objective: Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TC) is a stress-induced cardiomyopathy that can be precipitated by aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Several studies have shown patients who develop TC following aSAH have an increased risk of disability and mortality. The goal of this study is to examine the incidence of TC in aSAH, identify its risk factors, and analyze its impact on patient outcomes.

The pathophysiologic, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome during pregnancy.

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a neurological condition with a wide range of symptoms, including visual disturbances, headache, vomiting, seizures, and altered consciousness. This review describes the pathophysiology of PRES, as well as the clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic intervention during pregnancy. The gold standard for diagnosis of PRES is Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), helping to differentiate it from other similar conditions.

Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity during traumatic brain injury.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of disability, morbidity, and mortality worldwide. Some of the more common etiologies of TBI include closed head injury, penetrating head injury, or an explosive blast head injury. Neuronal damage in TBI is related to both primary injury (caused by mechanical forces), and secondary injury (caused by the subsequent tissue and cellular damages).

Cardiovascular manifestations in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Since December 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic has affected the global population, and one of the major causes of mortality in infected patients is cardiovascular diseases (CVDs).For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we systematically searched Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases for all articles published by April 2, 2020. Observational studies (cohort and cross-sectional designs) were included in this meta-analysis if they reported at least one of the related cardiovascular symptoms or laboratory findings in COVID-19 patients.

Parasite-based interventions in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): A systematic review.

Background: The hygiene hypothesis proposed in 1989 expresses that allergic and infectious diseases are inversely related. Accordingly, it has been demonstrated that infection with some microorganisms such as parasites and helminths can provide a potential immunity and prevent the onset of some life-threatening autoimmune diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Therefore, in this comprehensive study, we systematically reviewed and discussed the use of live parasites or parasitic products in the treatment of mouse models of SLE.

A misdiagnosed case of blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm experiencing multiple recurrences who underwent allogeneic stem cell transplantation: a case report.

Background: Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm represents a rare type of hematologic malignancy that often manifests itself through various skin lesions. It commonly affects the elderly male population. Lymph nodes, peripheral blood, and bone marrow involvement are the typical findings that justify its aggressive nature and dismal prognosis.

Advances in immunotherapy for COVID-19: A comprehensive review.

COVID-19 is an acute respiratory syndrome caused by SARS-COV-2 which has now become a huge pandemic worldwide. The immunopathogenesis of COVID-19 has been established that increased serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and reduction of the CD4+ and the CD8+ T lymphocyte populations, are the most reported immunological findings in these patients. High levels of other inflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as IL-2 and IL-8 with an increased number of neutrophils and eosinophils may induce immune abnormalities in patients with COVID-19.

Central nervous system manifestations in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: At the end of December 2019, a novel respiratory infection, initially reported in China, known as COVID-19 initially reported in China, and later known as COVID-19, led to a global pandemic. Despite many studies reporting respiratory infections as the primary manifestations of this illness, an increasing number of investigations have focused on the central nervous system (CNS) manifestations in COVID-19. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the CNS presentations in COVID-19 patients in an attempt to identify the common CNS features and provide a better overview to tackle this new pandemic.

Molecular Biomarkers in Multiple Sclerosis and Its Related Disorders: A Critical Review.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system (CNS) which can lead to severe disability. Several diseases can mimic the clinical manifestations of MS. This can often lead to a prolonged period that involves numerous tests and investigations before a definitive diagnosis is reached.