Advances in ophthalmic therapeutic delivery: A comprehensive overview of present and future directions.

Ophthalmic treatment demands precision and consistency in delivering therapeutic agents over extended periods to address many conditions, from common eye disorders to complex diseases. This diversity necessitates a range of delivery strategies, each tailored to specific needs. We delve into various delivery cargos that are pivotal in ophthalmic care.

Sensing Systems in Construction and the Built Environment: Review, Prospective, and Challenges.

This article is a comprehensive review of state-of-the-art sensors of the built environment, applicable in construction, structural engineering, management, and planning industries. This review is framed within the technical definition of sensing systems and their components. Existing sensors are listed and described in two broad categories of structural health monitoring (SHM) and building environment monitoring (BEM).

Unexplained Vision Loss Associated With Intraocular Silicone Oil Tamponade in Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment Repair.

To evaluate the visual outcomes with unexplained vision loss during or after silicone oil (SO) tamponade. This multicenter retrospective case series comprised patients with unexplained vision loss associated with SO tamponade or its removal. Eyes with other clear secondary identifiable causes of vision loss were excluded.

Vascular imaging findings in retinopathy of prematurity.

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a vascular disease among preterm infants involving incomplete or abnormal retinal vascularization and is a leading cause of preventable blindness globally. Measurements of ocular blood flow originating from a variety of imaging modalities, including colour Doppler imaging (CDI), fluorescein angiography (FA) and ocular coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), have been associated with changes in ROP patients. Herein, we discuss and summarize the relevant current literature on vascular imaging and ROP reviewed through December 2022.

Perinatal events and development of juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis.

Uveitis is one of the most common manifestations of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Currently, JIA is associated with decreased gut microbiota diversity. Studies confirm that perinatal events can cause aberrant microbial colonization.

The evolving therapeutic landscape of diabetic retinopathy.

Introduction: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of blindness worldwide. Recent decades have seen rapid progress in the management of diabetic eye disease, evolving from pituitary ablation to photocoagulation and intravitreal pharmacotherapy. The advent of effective intravitreal drugs inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) marked a new era in DR therapy.

miR-92a and integrin expression in fibrovascular membranes in proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of vision impairment. The proliferative form of DR (PDR) involves fibrovascular membrane (FVM) formation at the vitreoretinal interface. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNA molecules that play an important role in gene regulation; a single miRNA could regulate multiple genes.

Cataract Formation Following Pars Plana Vitrectomy in the Pediatric Population.

Purpose: To analyze post-vitrectomy cataract formation in the pediatric population to elucidate the number of phakic children requiring cataract surgery following vitreous surgery and the perioperative factors affecting cataract development in these patients.

Methods: Eyes of pediatric patients that underwent phakic pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with no prior cataract in a 10-year period were included. Analyses evaluated relationships between patient age and time to cataract surgery, as well as contributing factors for cataract formation.

SUBTENON'S VANCOMYCIN INJECTION FOR SUBRETINAL ABSCESS SECONDARY TO METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ENDOGENOUS ENDOPHTHALMITIS: A CASE REPORT AND LITERATURE REVIEW.

Purpose: To report the use of a subtenon's vancomycin injection for the treatment of subretinal abscess secondary to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus endogenous endophthalmitis.

Methods: A 17-year-old man developed endogenous endophthalmitis with subretinal abscess in his right eye secondary to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia from axillary necrotizing fasciitis. Despite prompt treatment with IV vancomycin and an intravitreal vancomycin injection, the patient displayed minimal improvement.

Combining transfer learning with retinal lesion features for accurate detection of diabetic retinopathy.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a late microvascular complication of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) that could lead to permanent blindness in patients, without early detection. Although adequate management of DM regular eye examination can preserve vision in in 98% of the DR cases, DR screening and diagnoses based on clinical lesion features devised by expert clinicians; are costly, time-consuming and not sufficiently accurate. This raises the requirements for Artificial Intelligent (AI) systems which can accurately detect DR automatically and thus preventing DR before affecting vision.

A narrative review on the association of high intraocular pressure and glaucoma in patients with retinal vein occlusion.

Background And Objective: Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is a major cause of vision loss and elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), high ocular perfusion pressure, and glaucoma are known ophthalmic risk factors for RVO. The aim of this paper is to provide the update on the association and management of high IOP/glaucoma and RVO.

Methods: A literature review was performed in PubMed and Medline until May 2022 utilizing specific keywords and cross-matched reference lists.

Using optical coherence tomography angiography as a biomarker of retinopathy severity and treatment for diabetic retinopathy.

Purpose: The goal was to evaluate optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) as a biomarker to correlate retinal vessel density (VD) with diabetic retinopathy (DR) severity and visual acuity, as well as track antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment efficacy.

Methods: This retrospective cohort study analyzed the automatically quantified VDs of the superficial vascular complex (SVC) and deep vascular complex (DVC), including the whole, foveal, and parafoveal VDs, on quality OCT-A scans in patients diagnosed with DR. A multivariate linear regression and analysis of variance (ANOVA) analysis compared VDs to DR severity, visual acuity, and demographic factors.

ULTRASOUND BIOMICROSCOPY AND ECHOGENIC EXTERNAL MARKER ASSISTED INTRAOCULAR FOREIGN BODY REMOVAL.

Purpose: We report a novel method of intraoperative localization of a retained anterior intraocular foreign body (IOFB), using a combination of ultrasound biomicrosopy and an insulated needle.

Methods: A retrospective case report of a 56-year-old man who presented with a right eye IOFB.

Results: On presentation, vision was decreased in the right eye to count fingers with a small subconjunctival hemorrhage, but no other signs of a penetrating laceration.

Role of inflammatory cells in pathophysiology and management of diabetic retinopathy.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a sight-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus. Several inflammatory cells and proteins, including macrophages and microglia, cytokines, and vascular endothelial growth factors, are found to play a significant role in the development and progression of DR. Inflammatory cells play a significant role in the earliest changes seen in DR including the breakdown of the blood retinal barrier leading to leakage of blood into the retina.

The effect of axial length to basement-membrane opening to fovea distance on optical coherence tomography.

Background: Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) lateral scaling is influenced by axial length (AL). There is a need to incorporate a method to correct this measurement bias for accurate lateral OCT measurement.

Purpose: To identify the correlation of optic-nerve-to-fovea distance measurement to AL by OCT) as an internal factor for lateral scaling.

Clinical implications of retinal oximetry in retinal vein occlusion: a review.

Purpose: To review retinal vein occlusion (RVO) and its relationship with retinal oxygen saturation via automated retinal oximetry in eyes with RVO.

Methods: A literature review was performed in PubMed and Medline until October 2021 utilizing specific keywords and cross-matched reference lists.

Results: This review found RVO to be associated with risk factors including age, hypertension, cardiovascular and metabolic conditions, male gender, and glaucoma.

Modeling of external self-excitation and force generation on magnetic nanoparticles inside vitreous cavity.

The purpose of this manuscript was to design a better method for recovery from rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) surgery. We attempted to achieve this by designing a helmet that can manipulate intraocular magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and create a magnetic tamponade, eliminating the need for postoperative head positioning. A simulated analysis was developed to predict the pattern of magnetic force applied to the magnetic nanoparticles by external magnetic field.

Patient preferences in retinal drug delivery.

Retinal vascular diseases (RVDs) are often treated with intravitreally (IVT) injected drugs, with relatively low patient compliance and potential risks. Ongoing research explores alternative RVD treatments, including eye drops and oral tablets. This study surveyed RVD patients treated with IVT injections to establish factors influencing low compliance rates while gauging treatment delivery method preferences.

Model for Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis: Effect of pH and Reaction Time.

The synthesis of gold nanoparticles is dependent on both the concentration of trisodium citrate dihydrate and the time that it interacts with tetrachloroauric acid. A wide range of gold nanoparticles with various sizes and dispersity can be produced based on control variables, such as time of reaction and acid concentration, using a similar approach to that of the Turkevich model. In this model, the pH of the solution decreases slightly throughout the reaction (0.

The utility and risks of therapeutic nanotechnology in the retina.

The clinical application of nanotechnology in medicine is promising for therapeutic, diagnostic, and surgical improvements in the near future. Nanotechnologies in nano-ophthalmology are in the early stages of application in clinical contexts, including ocular drug and gene delivery systems addressing eye disorders, particularly retinopathies. Retinal diseases are challenging to treat as current interventions, such as intravitreal injections, are limited by their invasive nature.

Diagnostic Utility of Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction versus Culture in Endophthalmitis and Uveitis.

: To compare genetic testing for microbes in infectious endophthalmitis or uveitis to culture.: This was a retrospective, single-center case series that enrolled patients with clinically suspected endophthalmitis or uveitis of unknown etiology. Aqueous humor or vitreous was collected and sent for routine cultures and genetic testing.

Reactivation of Retinopathy of Prematurity Three Years After Treatment With Bevacizumab.

Although intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents (IVA) can induce rapid regression of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), late reactivation of the ROP can occur in the form of tractional retinal detachment (TRD) from contracted recurrent extraretinal fibrovascular proliferation. The authors report a case of bilateral TRD for recurrent ROP in a 3-year-old, which is the latest-reported reactivation to date. The authors propose that persistent avascular retina in eyes that have undergone IVA for ROP receive laser ablation to prevent late recurrences.