Safety and efficacy of intranasal insulin in patients with Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background And Aim: We performed this meta-analysis to evaluate the safety and efficacy of intranasal insulin in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients.

Methods: A literature search was conducted for PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science from inception until August 2022. Documents were screened for qualified articles, and all concerned outcomes were pooled as risk ratios or mean difference (MD) in the meta-analysis models using Review Manager (RevMan version 5.