Overlapping Hepatotoxicity and Colitis Associated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are monoclonal antibodies that are widely used for the management of many solid-organ and hematologic cancers. These agents work by inhibition of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death-1 (PD-1), and PD ligand 1 (PD-L1). Hyperactivation of immune system results in ICI-associated adverse events.

Bleeding risk with clopidogrel and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy.

Aim: To compare bleeding within 48 h in patients undergoing percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) with or without clopidogrel.

Methods: After institutional review board approval, a retrospective study involving a single center was conducted on adult patients having PEG (1/08-1/14). Patients were divided into two groups: Clopidogrel group consisting of those patients taking clopidogrel within 5 d of PEG and the non-clopidogrel group including those patients not taking clopidogrel within 5 d of the PEG.