Intranasal ketorolac, diagnosis, and desensitization for aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease.

Background: Intranasal ketorolac has been proposed as a diagnostic test for aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) and a faster, safer, and reliable addition to facilitating aspirin (ASA) desensitization.

Objective: We conducted the first prospective study to dissect the impact of intranasal ketorolac incorporation during ASA desensitization vs standard oral protocols in concert with evaluating its diagnostic use for AERD.

Methods: Patients with AERD were enrolled in a prospective open-label observational study between November 2006 and August 2013.

Synaptic proteins promote calcium-triggered fast transition from point contact to full fusion.

The molecular underpinnings of synaptic vesicle fusion for fast neurotransmitter release are still unclear. Here, we used a single vesicle-vesicle system with reconstituted SNARE and synaptotagmin-1 proteoliposomes to decipher the temporal sequence of membrane states upon Ca(2+)-injection at 250-500 μM on a 100-ms timescale. Furthermore, detailed membrane morphologies were imaged with cryo-electron microscopy before and after Ca(2+)-injection.