Challenges in ovarian stimulation.

In 2016, ovarian stimulation faces two main challenges: how to obtain good quality oocytes while not endangering the patients treated, but also limited by maternal age and poor ovarian responders (POR). The first IVF birth, Louise Brown, was obtained from a natural cycle. With the introduction, in the 1980s of gonadotropin releasing hormone agonists (GnRHa) and in the 2000s of GnRH antagonists (GnRHant), stimulation became plurifollicular (and source of consequences).

[Congenital bilateral absence of vas deferens: From diagnosis to assisted reproductive techniques - the experience of three centers].

Objectives: To review the management with assisted reproductive technologies (ART) of men with congenital bilateral absence of vas deferens (CBAVD), associated with cystic fibrosis or not, after surgical retrieval [epididymal aspiration (MESA) or testicular biopsy (TESE)].

Methods: Multicenter retrospective study made of 2 groups: CBAVD and cystic fibrosis (CF) or CBAVD only (CF-RD). Two centers performed MESA (Brest and Nantes) and one TESE (Rennes).

Emergency IVF for embryo freezing to preserve female fertility: a French multicentre cohort study.

Study Question: What are the outcomes of French emergency IVF procedures involving embryo freezing for fertility preservation before gonadotoxic treatment?

Summary Answer: Pregnancy rates after emergency IVF, cryopreservation of embryos, storage, thawing and embryo transfer (embryo transfer), in the specific context of the preservation of female fertility, seem to be similar to those reported for infertile couples undergoing ART.

Study Design, Size, Duration: A French retrospective multicentre cohort study initiated by the GRECOT network-the French Study Group for Ovarian and Testicular Cryopreservation. We sent an e-mail survey to the 97 French centres performing the assisted reproduction technique in 2011, asking whether the centre performed emergency IVF and requesting information about the patients' characteristics, indications, IVF cycles and laboratory and follow-up data.

DNA fragmentation is higher in spermatozoa with chromosomally unbalanced content in men with a structural chromosomal rearrangement.

It has been previously shown that men with chromosomal structural abnormality had a higher rate of sperm DNA fragmentation. We studied 11 male carriers of a chromosomal structural abnormality (seven with a balanced reciprocal translocation, three with a Robertsonian translocation, one with a pericentric inversion) to determine whether spermatozoa with unbalanced chromosomes were more likely to have fragmented DNA. A sequential method combining analysis of DNA fragmentation using the TUNEL assay followed by analysis of meiotic segregation by fluorescent in situ hybridization was performed on the same spermatozoa.

Does 45,X/46,XX mosaicism with 6-28% of aneuploidy affect the outcomes of IVF or ICSI?

Objective: Several studies have shown an increased frequency of chromosomal aberrations in female partners of couples examined prior to intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). A retrospective cohort study was performed to determine whether 45,X/46,XX mosaicism affects the outcomes of in vitro fertilization (IVF) or ICSI.

Study Design: Forty-six women with a 45,X/46,XX karyotype with 6-28% of aneuploidy were compared with 59 control women (46,XX), matched for age, from the female population who underwent IVF or ICSI between 1 January 1996 and 31 December 2006 at the Reproductive Medicine Unit at Brest University Hospital.

[Azoospermia: management and results: a series of 90 cases].

Objective: To report our 15-year experience in managing azoospermic males at the Brest University Hospital.

Patients And Methods: From 1996 to 2010, 90 azoospermic males were followed: 41 with non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) and 49 with obstructive azoospermia (OA). Surgical methods proposed for retrieving sperm were Microsurgical Epididymal Sperm Aspiration (MESA) for men with OA and microdissection Testicular Sperm Extraction (mTESE) for those with NOA.

Aneuploidy and DNA fragmentation in sperm of carriers of a constitutional chromosomal abnormality.

Among various causes responsible for infertility, it has been admitted for a long time that male infertility can be due to impaired spermatogenesis and/or balanced structural chromosomal abnormalities. Sperm DNA fragmentation is also considered as another cause of infertility. Most of the studies on male infertility have concerned either aneuploidy in the sperm of carriers of constitutional chromosomal abnormalities or sperm DNA fragmentation.

Study of aneuploidy and DNA fragmentation in gametes of patients with severe teratozoospermia.

This study investigated meiotic segregation in spermatozoa to determine if severe teratozoospermia should prevent the use of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) because of the high production of gametes with chromosomal aneuploidies and analysed DNA fragmentation in gametes from the same semen to determine if DNA integrity was worse in patients with severe teratozoospermia. Sperm samples from 12 infertile patients were studied by fluorescence in-situ hybridization for chromosomes X, Y, 13, 18 and 21 and by TdT (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase)-mediated dUDP nick-end labelling. Four patients with a majority of macrocephalic forms with multiple flagella had more than 99% spermatozoa with abnormal chromosomal content.

A study of meiotic segregation of chromosomes in spermatozoa of translocation carriers using fluorescent in situ hybridisation.

In the infertile male population, there is a 2-20-time higher probability of having a structural chromosomal abnormality than in general population. Generally, these men have a normal phenotype but they can have sperm abnormalities. As they can produce a variable proportion of unbalanced gametes, it is important to evaluate the percentage of unbalanced chromosomal spermatozoa to assess the risk of injecting a chromosomally unbalanced gamete during ICSI procedure.

45,X/46,XX mosaicism below 30% of aneuploidy: clinical implications in adult women from a reproductive medicine unit.

Objective: Turner's syndrome (TS) is well known, but prognosis for 45,X/46,XX mosaicism below 30% of aneuploidy has not been established. We evaluated differences in clinical features and biological parameters between patients with numerical sex chromosome mosaicism diagnosed incidentally and control women.

Design: Retrospective observational study of clinical features and biological parameters.

DNA fragmentation and meiotic segregation in sperm of carriers of a chromosomal structural abnormality.

Objective: To determine the meiotic segregation and DNA fragmentation in spermatozoa of carriers of a chromosomal structural abnormality.

Design: Case series.

Setting: University hospital.

Increased aneuploidy rates in spermatozoa of a male carrier of a trisomy 18 mosaicism.

Semen analysis of a 31-year-old infertile man showed a severe oligoteratozoospermia. Karyotyping of peripheral blood lymphocytes showed a 47,XY,+18[13]/46,XY[16] mosaicism. Cultured skin fibroblasts, right and left jugal smears showed 3, 50 and 65% trisomic cells respectively.

Study of aneuploidy in large-headed, multiple-tailed spermatozoa: case report and review of the literature.

Objective: To determine the meiotic segregation in large-headed, multiple-tailed spermatozoa.

Design: Analysis of sperm nuclei by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).

Setting: University hospital.

Segregation of chromosomes in sperm of a t(X;18)(q11;p11.1) carrier inherited from his mother: case report.

Balanced reciprocal translocations are the most common structural abnormalities; most involve two autosomes while a few involve a gonosome (X or Y chromosome) and an autosome. These rearrangements are usually associated with infertility and/or a higher risk of chromosomal imbalances among offspring. This 26 years old man was first seen because of a 3-year history of primary infertility.

Differing mechanisms of meiotic segregation in spermatozoa from three carriers of a pericentric inversion of chromosome 8.

Objective: To determine the meiotic segregation of a pericentric inversion of chromosome 8 in three carriers.

Design: Analysis of sperm nuclei by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).

Setting: University hospital.

Meiotic segregation analysis in spermatozoa of pericentric inversion carriers using fluorescence in-situ hybridization.

Background: Pericentric inversions are structural chromosomal abnormalities resulting from two breaks, one on either side of the centromere, within the same chromosome, followed by 180 degrees rotation and reunion of the inverted segment. They can perturb spermatogenesis and lead to the production of unbalanced gametes through the formation of an inversion loop.

Methods: We report here the analysis of the meiotic segregation in spermatozoa from six pericentric inversion carriers by multicolour fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) and review the literature.

Interchromosomal effect in sperm of males with translocations: report of 6 cases and review of the literature.

Somatic chromosomal abnormalities are frequently found in infertile men, particularly in those with low sperm count and/or seeking intracytoplasmic sperm injection. These abnormalities mostly consist of numerical sex chromosome abnormalities and translocations (Robertsonian or reciprocal). In this study, we searched for the occurrence of non-disjunction of chromosomes not involved in translocations during meiosis, phenomenon called interchromosomal effect (ICE) and first described by Lejeune (1965).

Chromosome aneuploidy in the spermatozoa of two men with globozoospermia.

The objective of this study was to determine the aneuploidy level in spermatozoa in two men with globozoospermia. Sperm nuclei were analysed by fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) in two infertile males with globozoospermia. Dual FISH for chromosomes 7 and 9, 13 and 21, and triple FISH for chromosomes X, Y, and 18 was performed.

Lack of intraindividual variation of unbalanced spermatozoa frequencies from a 46,XY,t(9;22)(q21;q11.2) carrier: case report.

The meiotic segregation pattern of 83 men carrying a balanced reciprocal translocation between two autosomes has already been published. Nevertheless, the question of intraindividual variations has not been addressed yet. A 32-year-old patient was found to be a carrier of a t(9;22)(q21;q11.

Meiotic segregation of translocations during male gametogenesis.

Balanced reciprocal and Robertsonian translocations are the most common structural chromosomal abnormalities in humans. Generally, they are without consequence for the carrier, but for various degrees of oligoasthenoteratozoospermia in men. As these carriers can produce a significant percentage of gametes with an unbalanced combination of the parental rearrangement, there is a more or less significant risk, according to cases, of chromosomal imbalances for their offspring.

Chromosomal abnormalities in couples undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection. A study of 370 couples and review of the literature.

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is now widely acknowledged as the most effective therapeutic approach to severe male infertility or unsuccessful in vitro fertilization. Cytogenetic investigations were performed in 370 females and 335 males prior to ICSI between January 1997 and April 2003. Nine men (2.

An increased incidence of autosomal aneuploidies in spermatozoa from a patient with Klinefelter's syndrome.

Objective: To determine whether there is an increased incidence of autosomal aneuploidies in spermatozoa from a subject with nonmosaic Klinefelter's syndrome.

Design: Analysis of sperm nuclei by fluorescence in situ hybridization.

Settings: Hospital-based laboratory for reproductive biology.

Sex chromosome mosaicism in couples undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection.

Background: Several studies have shown an increased frequency of constitutional chromosome aberrations in male and female partners of couples examined prior to ICSI. We conducted a cohort study to determine whether there was an increase in numerical sex chromosome mosaicism among couples undergoing ICSI compared with fertile couples.

Methods: Cytogenetic investigations were performed in 228 females and 208 males seen for ICSI between January 1997 and March 2001.

[Serologically detected HY antigen and its regulation].

The serologically detected, male predominant s HY Ag is a surface glycoprotein. The structural gene would be located on the 6th chromosome and regulated by gonosomal genes. The presence of testes (or testicular remenants) is linked to the s HY antigen expression in most abnormalities of sexual differentiation.