Versatile functionalization of Bifidobacteria-derived extracellular vesicles using amino acid metabolic labeling and click chemistry for immunotherapy.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoparticles secreted by various organisms. Methods for modifying EVs functionally have garnered attention for developing EV-based therapeutic systems. However, most technologies used to integrate these functions are limited to mammalian-derived EVs and a promising modification method for bacteria-derived EVs has not yet been developed.