Efficacy of adding ketamine to levobupivacaine in paravertebral block on acute and chronic pain in thoracotomy: a randomized controlled double-blinded trial.

Background: The inappropriate management of pain after thoracotomy results in serious complications. Several adjuvants have been added to the thoracic paravertebral block (TPVB) to enhance its effects. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of adding ketamine to TPVB on thoracotomy-related acute and chronic pain.