A Brainstem Neural Substrate for Stopping Locomotion.

Locomotion occurs sporadically and needs to be started, maintained, and stopped. The neural substrate underlying the activation of locomotion is partly known, but little is known about mechanisms involved in termination of locomotion. Recently, reticulospinal neurons (stop cells) were found to play a crucial role in stopping locomotion in the lamprey: their activation halts ongoing locomotion and their inactivation slows down the termination process.

CAD/CAM restorations and secondary caries: a literature review with illustrations.

Unlabelled: The literature related to failures of CAD/CAM restorations, with emphasis on secondary caries, is presented. A good approximal fit of the restoration is important to prevent plaque accumulation that may lead to secondary caries. CAD/CAM restorations allow inspection of the approximal fit prior to cementation and it may explain the relatively few failures due to secondary caries.

Research in general dental practice.

Spurred by an initiative by the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research in the USA, this article presents the need for a change in clinical dental research towards practice-based research. It outlines the shortcomings of past and present-day research in dentistry, with emphasis on the lack of clinical relevance of much of the research performed. The slow transfer of sound research findings to clinical practice is also a major problem.

Gestational age, sex and maternal parity correlate with bone turnover in premature infants.

Factors affecting bone turnover in premature infants are not entirely clear but certainly are different from those influencing bones of adults and children. To identify fetal and maternal factors that might influence bone turnover, we prospectively studied 50 infants (30 preterm and 20 full-term) born at Ain Shams University Obstetric Hospital in Cairo, Egypt. Maternal parity and medical history and infant's weight, gestational age, gender and anthropometrical measurements were recorded.

Evaluation of etching time on dentin bond strength using single bottle bonding systems.

Purpose: Incomplete infiltration of the demineralized collagen network may result in a weak zone within the hybrid layer and between the hybrid layer and dentin. The current study evaluates whether reducing the etching time to 5 s from the recommended 15 s or increasing it to 30 s has an effect on dentin bonding.

Materials And Methods: 108 extracted molars were assigned to 3 bonding agent groups (n = 36): (a) Single Bond (SB), (b) One-Step (OS), and (c) Syntac Single Component (SSC).

Combined amalgam and composite restorations.

All indirect restorative techniques involving cast metals, ceramics or resin-based materials are expensive compared to directly placed restorations. A restorative technique is presented that combines the esthetic properties of directly bonded resin-based composite material and the wide range of indications for dental amalgam in stress-bearing areas.

Esthetic dentistry in North American dental schools.

Objectives: Esthetic dentistry is among the most dynamic areas of contemporary clinical dentistry. Teaching programs in dental schools have a strong effect on the practice of dentistry, not only for recent graduates, but also for established clinicians, especially with respect to new techniques and concepts. The purpose of the study reported here was to assess the frequency and extent of the teaching of esthetic dentistry in North American dental schools and to report how it differs among the various schools.

Physical activity combined with massage improves bone mineralization in premature infants: a randomized trial.

Background: Osteopenia of prematurity is a known source for morbidity in preterm infants. Premature infants have shown favorable outcomes in response to massage and physical activity. Whether such intervention can stimulate bone formation or decrease bone resorption is yet to be determined.

The effect of variation in etching times on dentin bonding.

Twelve extracted molars were assigned into four groups of three to observe how different etching times affect the depth of dentin demineralization and the thickness and morphology of the hybrid layer. The four groups were subjected to etching times of 5, 15, 30, and 60 seconds. To study the hybrid layer, another 27 molars were assigned into groups of nine; each group was etched using a different single-bottle bonding agent.