Methodological challenges in determining longitudinal associations between anticholinergic drug use and incident cognitive decline.

Objectives: To compare the effect of using different anticholinergic drug scales and different models of cognitive decline in longitudinal studies.

Design: Longitudinal cohort study.

Setting: Outpatient clinics, Quebec, Canada.

A systematic review of amnestic and non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment induced by anticholinergic, antihistamine, GABAergic and opioid drugs.

Background: Mild cognitive deficits are experienced by 18% of community-dwelling older adults, many of whom do not progress to dementia. The effect of commonly used medication on subtle impairments in cognitive function may be under-recognized.

Objective: The aim of the review was to examine the evidence attributing amnestic or non-amnestic cognitive impairment to the use of medication with anticholinergic, antihistamine, GABAergic or opioid effects.

Systematic review and meta-analysis: do clinical trials testing antimuscarinic agents for overactive bladder adequately measure central nervous system adverse events?

Experimental studies in healthy volunteers suggest that some antimuscarinic agents confer a risk of cognitive impairment, yet clinical trials of people with overactive bladder report only rare central nervous system (CNS) side effects. A lack of systematic measurement and reporting of CNS outcomes in clinical trials may partially explain this discrepancy. The purpose of this review and meta-analysis was to ascertain the reporting bias associated with adverse CNS events in clinical drug trials of younger and older adults with overactive bladder.

Resistance training attenuates fat mass regain after weight loss in ovariectomized rats.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of maintaining only one of the two components of a food restriction (FR)+resistance training (RT) regimen on the regain of body weight and fat mass (liver and adipocytes) in ovariectomized (Ovx) rats.

Methods: Five week Ovx rats were submitted to a weight loss program consisting of a 26% FR combined with RT (OvxFR+RT) for 8 weeks. RT consisted of climbing a 1.

Effects of ovariectomy on PPAR alpha, SREBP-1c, and SCD-1 gene expression in the rat liver.

Objective: To investigate whether estrogen deficiency modifies the expression of important genes involved in hepatic lipid regulation, PPAR alpha, SREBP-1c, and SCD-1, in association with fat accumulation in the liver of ovariectomized rats.

Design: Thirty female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: sham-operated (n = 12), ovariectomized (n = 12), and ovariectomized with 17beta-estradiol replacement (n = 6). All animals were killed 8 weeks after surgery.

Resistance training prevents liver fat accumulation in ovariectomized rats.

Background: Menopause is associated with increased lipid deposition in the liver and fat accumulation in the abdomen.

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of adding a resistance training program (RT) to a restrictive diet (RD) on liver lipid accumulation and abdominal fat depots in ovariectomized (Ovx) rats.

Methods: One group of sham-operated and three groups of Ovx rats were compared.

Time course of liver lipid infiltration in ovariectomized rats: impact of a high-fat diet.

Objectives: The present study was undertaken to determine the time course of liver lipid infiltration in ovariectomized (Ovx) rats and the impact of high-fat (HF; 42% kJ) feeding on this response.

Methods: In a first step, Ovx rats were compared to Sham-operated (Sham) and Ovx rats supplemented with 17beta-estradiol (OvxE2) to evaluate the effect of estrogen removal. In a second time, Ovx rats fed a HF diet (OvxHf) were compared with normally fed Ovx rats.

Specific adaptations of estrogen receptor alpha and beta transcripts in liver and heart after endurance training in rats.

Estrogens exert their biological roles mainly through estrogen receptors (ER) that function as ligand-activated transcription factors. ER content in a cell is regulated by many factors and is decisive for estrogen action. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the influence of an 8-wk endurance training program on ER expression in the liver, right atrium (RA), and left ventricle (LV) of intact and ovariectomized (Ovx) rats.

Effect of exercise training on cardiac oxytocin and natriuretic peptide systems in ovariectomized rats.

Exercise training results in cardiovascular and metabolic adaptations that may be beneficial in menopausal women by reducing blood pressure, insulin resistance, and cholesterol level. The adaptation of the cardiac hormonal systems oxytocin (OT), natriuretic peptides (NPs), and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in response to exercise training was investigated in intact and ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Ovariectomy significantly augmented body weight (BW), left ventricle (LV) mass, and intra-abdominal fat pad weight and decreased the expression of oxytocin receptor (OTR), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), and guanylyl cyclase-A (GC-A), in the right atrium (RA) and LV, indicating estrogenic control of these genes.

Effects of ingesting a high-fat diet upon exercise-training cessation on fat accretion in the liver and adipose tissue of rats.

The purpose of the present study was to determine if exercise trained rats might benefit from protection against fat accumulation in response to an obesity stimulus initiated upon training cessation. Two groups of female rats were either treadmill trained for 8 weeks (DTr) or remained sedentary (Sed). They were then submitted either to a high-fat diet (HF; 42 E%) or kept on a standard diet (SD; 12.

Effects of alternations (10 days) of high-fat with normal diet on liver lipid infiltration, fat gain, and plasma metabolic profile in rats.

The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that short-term alternations of high-fat with normal chow feeding result in higher fat accumulation in liver than continuous intake of the same high-fat diet. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (7 weeks of age) were divided into 3 groups according to diet composition: standard chow (SD; 12,5% kcal as fat), high-fat (HF; 42% kcal as fat), and food cycles (FC) consisting of 10-day alternations between HF and SD diets beginning with the high-fat diet. Rats in each of these 3 groups were sacrificed after 10, 30, and 50 days (n = 10 rats/sub-groups).