A LysM Effector Mediates Adhesion and Plant Immunity Suppression in the Necrotrophic Fungus Botrytis cinerea.

LysM effectors are suppressors of chitin-triggered plant immunity in biotrophic and hemibiotrophic fungi. In necrotrophic fungi, LysM effectors might induce a mechanism to suppress host immunity during the short asymptomatic phase they establish before these fungi activate plant defenses and induce host cell death leading to necrosis. Here, we characterize a secreted LysM protein from a major necrotrophic fungus, Botrytis cinerea, called BcLysM1.

Extracellular Vesicles of the Plant Pathogen .

Fungal secretomes are known to contain a multitude of components involved in nutrition, cell growth or biotic interactions. Recently, extra-cellular vesicles have been identified in a few fungal species. Here, we used a multidisciplinary approach to identify and characterize extracellular vesicles produced by the plant necrotroph .

Clathrin Is Important for Virulence Factors Delivery in the Necrotrophic Fungus .

Fungi are the most prevalent plant pathogens, causing annually important damages. To infect and colonize their hosts, they secrete effectors including hydrolytic enzymes able to kill and macerate plant tissues. These secreted proteins are transported from the Endoplasmic Reticulum and the Golgi apparatus to the extracellular space through intracellular vesicles.

The infection cushion of Botrytis cinerea: a fungal 'weapon' of plant-biomass destruction.

The necrotrophic plant-pathogen fungus Botrytis cinerea produces multicellular appressoria dedicated to plant penetration, named infection cushions (IC). A microarray analysis was performed to identify genes upregulated in mature IC. The expression data were validated by RT-qPCR analysis performed in vitro and in planta, proteomic analysis of the IC secretome and biochemical assays.

A Similar Secretome Disturbance as a Hallmark of Non-pathogenic ATMT-Mutants?

The gray mold fungus is a necrotrophic pathogen able to infect hundreds of host plants, including high-value crops such as grapevine, strawberry and tomato. In order to decipher its infectious strategy, a library of 2,144 mutants was generated by random insertional mutagenesis using mediated transformation (ATMT). Twelve mutants exhibiting total loss of virulence toward different host plants were chosen for detailed analyses.

Bacteriophages Targeting Adherent Invasive Escherichia coli Strains as a Promising New Treatment for Crohn's Disease.

Background And Aims: Adherent invasive Escherichia coli [AIEC] are abnormally predominant on the ileal mucosa of Crohn's disease [CD] patients. They bind to the CEACAM6 receptor expressed on the surface of epithelial cells. We aimed to assess the potential of bacteriophages, viruses infecting bacteria, to decrease the levels of AIEC bacteria associated with the intestinal mucosa.

GipA Factor Supports Colonization of Peyer's Patches by Crohn's Disease-associated Escherichia Coli.

Background: Adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) associated with Crohn's disease target M cells lining Peyer's patches (PPs) through the expression of long polar fimbriae (LPF) and survive macrophage killing. Invasion of PPs constitutes a way to colonize the mucosa for bacteria able to escape or resist killing of underlying immune cells. We aimed to identify new virulence factors involved in PPs colonization by AIEC.

Monocyte-derived macrophages from Crohn's disease patients are impaired in the ability to control intracellular adherent-invasive Escherichia coli and exhibit disordered cytokine secretion profile.

Background: Ileal lesions of Crohn's disease [CD] patients are colonised by adherent-invasive Escherichia coli [AIEC] able to survive in macrophage cell lines. We analysed the ability of monocyte-derived macrophages [MDM] from CD patients to control AIEC intracellular replication and the pro-inflammatory cytokine response of the infected-MDM.

Methods: Peripheral blood MDM were obtained from 24 CD genotyped for NOD2 and ATG16L1 mutations, 5 ulcerative colitis [UC] patients and 12 healthy controls [HC].

Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-3856 prevents colitis induced by AIEC bacteria in the transgenic mouse model mimicking Crohn's disease.

Background: Adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC), which colonize the ileal mucosa of patients with Crohn's disease (CD), are able to adhere to and invade intestinal epithelial cells. Overexpression of the glycoprotein CEACAM6 on host cells favors AIEC attachment and inflammation. We investigated the ability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-3856 to inhibit AIEC adhesion and to reduce colitis.

Colon cancer-associated B2 Escherichia coli colonize gut mucosa and promote cell proliferation.

Aim: To provide further insight into the characterization of mucosa-associated Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolated from the colonic mucosa of cancer patients.

Methods: Phylogroups and the presence of cyclomodulin-encoding genes of mucosa-associated E.

Crohn disease--associated adherent-invasive E. coli bacteria target mouse and human Peyer's patches via long polar fimbriae.

Crohn disease (CD) is a multifactorial disease in which an abnormal immune response in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract leads to chronic inflammation. The small intestine, particularly the ileum, of patients with CD is colonized by adherent-invasive E. coli (AIEC)--a pathogenic group of E.

Complete genome sequence of Crohn's disease-associated adherent-invasive E. coli strain LF82.

Background: Ileal lesions of Crohn's disease (CD) patients are abnormally colonized by pathogenic adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) able to invade and to replicate within intestinal epithelial cells and macrophages.

Principal Findings: We report here the complete genome sequence of E. coli LF82, the reference strain of adherent-invasive E.