Elevated shear stress (ESS) induces vascular remodeling in veins exposed to arterial blood flow, which can lead to arteriovenous (AV) fistula failure. The molecular mechanisms driving remodeling have not been comprehensively examined with a single-cell resolution before. Using an animal mode, single-cell RNA sequencing, and histopathology, we precisely manipulate blood flow to comprehensively characterize all cell subpopulations important during vascular remodeling.
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