Electronic cigarettes can damage lingual papillae and taste buds. Can vitamins C and E supplementation reverse this damage?

Aims: This histological study focuses on the impact of electronic cigarette liquid (EC) on lingual papillae, especially taste buds, compare it to nicotine, and investigates the potential of vitamins in reversing these unwanted changes.

Main Methods: 40 adult male rats were allocated into 5 groups. Control injected saline intraperitoneally, electronic cigarettes group injected EC-liquid containing nicotine of dose (0.