The Roles of Microtubules and Membrane Tension in Axonal Beading, Retraction, and Atrophy.

Axonal beading, or the formation of a series of swellings along the axon, and retraction are commonly observed shape transformations that precede axonal atrophy in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and other neurodegenerative conditions. The mechanisms driving these morphological transformations are poorly understood. Here, we report controlled experiments that can induce either beading or retraction and follow the time evolution of these responses.

Tamarind seed coat extract restores fluoride-induced hematological and biochemical alterations in rats.

Fluoride (F) is becoming an ineluctable environmental pollutant causing deleterious effects in humans. In the present study, we examined whether tamarind seed coat extract (TSCE) is beneficial against the F-induced systemic toxicity and hematological changes. Wistar rats were randomly grouped as follows: group I served as control; group II intoxicated with sodium fluoride (NaF, 300 ppm) in drinking water; group III was administered through oral intubation with TSCE (100 mg/kg bw); group IV was treated with NaF (300 ppm) in association with TSCE (100 mg/kg bw) for 30 days.

Protocatechuic acid methyl ester modulates fluoride induced pulmonary toxicity in rats.

We have found that protocatechuic acid methyl ester (PCAME) attenuates fluoride (F) toxicity in lung epithelial cells (A549). However, this finding has to be confirmed with in vivo studies. Further, the effect of PCAME on F induced pulmonary fibrosis and inflammation remains limited.

Possible Modulatory Effect of Tamarind Seed Coat Extract on Fluoride-Induced Pulmonary Inflammation and Fibrosis in Rats.

Fluorosis (fluoride toxicity) seems to be reduced by plant secondary metabolites. Tamarind seed coat extract (TSCE), a mixture of procyanidins and polyphenols, possesses numerous pharmacological activities. Regardless of its beneficial properties, the underlying molecular mechanism against chronic fluorosis in vivo is not known.

Pulmonary fluorosis: a review.

The increased industrialization and improvised human lifestyle lead to a surge in environmental pollution nowadays. Even the chemicals which are known as prophylactic agents were currently liable to be toxic. One among them is inorganic fluoride whose wider application in numerous processes makes it as an inevitable environmental contaminant and industrial pollutant.

Protocatechuic acid methyl ester ameliorates fluoride toxicity in A549 cells.

The present study is aimed to determine the potential benefits of protocatechuic acid methyl ester (PCAME) against fluoride (F) induced lung toxicity using A549 cells. The cells were treated with sodium fluoride (NaF) alone and in combination with PCAME for different time points (0-24 h) and evaluated for intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, F content, oxidative stress markers, apoptosis and mRNA expression of redox signaling and inflammatory genes. The results shown that PCAME alleviates the toxic effects of Fvia modulating its bioavailability, intracellular calcium level, mitochondrial membrane integrity and redox signaling in A549 cells.

Antibacterial, antibiofilm and cytotoxic effects of Nigella sativa essential oil coated gold nanoparticles.

This study reports the biological synthesis of gold nanoparticles using essential oil of Nigella sativa (NsEO-AuNPs). The synthesized NsEO-AuNPs were characterized by UV-visible spectra, X-ray diffraction (XRD), FTIR and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). UV-vis spectra of NsEO-AuNPs showed strong absorption peak at 540 nm.

Single oral acute fluoride exposure causes changes in cardiac expression of oxidant and antioxidant enzymes, apoptotic and necrotic markers in male rats.

Several studies have shown that acute fluoride (F(-)) exposure impairs cardiac function, but the molecular mechanism is not clear. In order to study this, male Wistar rats were treated with single oral doses of 45 and 90 mg/kg F(-) for 24 h. A significant accumulation of F(-) was found in the serum and myocardium of experimental rats.

Tamarind seed coat ameliorates fluoride induced cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in A549 cells.

Fluoride (F) is an environmental contaminant and industrial pollutant. Molecular mechanisms remain unclear in F induced pulmonary toxicity even after numerous studies. Tamarind fruits act as defluoridating agents, but no study was conducted in in vitro systems.

Caffeic acid, a phyto polyphenol mitigates fluoride induced hepatotoxicity in rats: A possible mechanism.

Fluoride induced hepatotoxicity has been extensively studied in both humans and animals. However, the mechanism underlying in the hepatotoxicity of experimental fluorosis remains obscure. The severity of fluoride toxicity was reduced by oral administration of certain plant derived antioxidants.