A Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Risk Assessment Tool for Women Aged 15-49 Years in African Countries: A Pooled Analysis Across 15 Nationally Representative Surveys.

Background: Women in Africa disproportionately acquire human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Understanding which women are most likely to acquire HIV-1 can guide focused prevention with preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Our objective was to identify women at the highest risk of HIV-1 and estimate PrEP efficiency at different sensitivity levels.

Differential transcript usage analysis incorporating quantification uncertainty via compositional measurement error regression modeling.

Differential transcript usage (DTU) occurs when the relative expression of multiple transcripts arising from the same gene changes between different conditions. Existing approaches to detect DTU often rely on computational procedures that can have speed and scalability issues as the number of samples increases. Here we propose a new method, CompDTU, that uses compositional regression to model the relative abundance proportions of each transcript that are of interest in DTU analyses.

N-(4-Isocyano-phen-yl)succinamic acid.

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C(11)H(10)N(2)O(3), inversion-related mol-ecules are connected by pairs of O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. With the exception of the atoms in the carb-oxy-lic acid group, the non-H atoms are roughly coplanar with a maximum deviation from the mean plane of 0.270 (1) Å for the C atom to which the carb-oxy-lic group is attached.

In vitro models for studying trophoblast transcellular transport.

In vitro models have proven to be effective in studying the placental transporters that play a role in the exchange of nutrients, waste products, and drugs between the maternal and fetal circulations. Although primary cultures of trophoblast cells can be used to perform uptake, efflux, and metabolism studies, only the rodent HRP-1 and the human BeWo cell lines have been shown to form confluent monolayers when grown on semi-permeable membranes. Protocols for the revival, maintenance, passage, and growth of BeWo cells for transporter expression and transcellular transport studies are provided.

Tetrazole compounds: the effect of structure and pH on Caco-2 cell permeability.

A tetrazole ring is often used in drug discovery as a replacement for the carboxylic acid group. Previous work indicates that compounds containing a tetrazole moiety show asymmetric permeability in Caco-2 cells characteristic of an efflux transporter substrate. The aim of this study is to determine which transporters are responsible for polarization of transport of tetrazole-containing compounds in Caco-2 cells.

Efflux transporters of the human placenta.

The use of pharmaceuticals during pregnancy is often a necessity for the health of the mother. Until recently, the placenta was viewed as a passive organ through which molecules are passed indiscriminately between mother and fetus. In reality, the placenta contains a plethora of transporters, some of which appear to be specifically dedicated to removal of xenobiotics and toxic endogenous compounds.