Calcitonin gene relating peptide inhibitors in combination for migraine treatment: A mini-review.

The discovery of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and its role in migraine pathophysiology has led to advances in the treatment of migraine. Since 2018, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved four monoclonal antibody (mab) therapies targeting either the CGRP ligand or receptor and 3 oral small molecule CGRP receptor antagonists. These targeted therapies have been shown to be safe and effective for either preventive or acute treatment of migraine in adults.

Safety and tolerability of preventive treatment options for chronic migraine.

Relative to migraine generally, chronic migraine (CM) imposes greater disability, healthcare utilization and socioeconomic burden. Six therapies currently possess a credible evidence base for prevention/suppression of CM. This review is intended to provide an assessment of their relative utility, defined as a blend of safety, tolerability and efficacy, focusing in particular on their safety and tolerability.

Prognosis Following Discontinuation of OnabotulinumA Therapy in "Super-responding" Chronic Migraine Patients.

Objective: To determine whether the successful treatment of chronic migraine (CM) with onabotulinumA (BotoxA) may be followed by a continued respite from headache once therapy has been discontinued.

Background: The optimal duration of prophylactic therapy for migraine generally and for CM treated with BotoxA specifically is unknown.

Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study evaluating a series of patients with CM at a university-affiliated headache subspecialty clinic in Reno, Nevada, all of whom were treated according to a uniform protocol involving serial injections of BotoxA.

What Are We Missing in the Diagnostic Criteria for Migraine?

Purpose Of Review: This review is intended to examine how the diagnostic criteria for migraine have evolved over the past 45 years and to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the current diagnostic criteria promulgated by the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD).

Recent Findings: The ICHD is a comprehensive and systematic classification system for headache disorders. As the pathophysiology of migraine is more fully elucidated and more sophisticated diagnostic technologies are developed (e.

A gradient of auxin and auxin-dependent transcription precedes tropic growth responses.

Plants, although sessile, can reorient growth axes in response to changing environmental conditions. Phototropism and gravitropism represent adaptive growth responses induced by changes in light direction and growth axis orientation relative to gravitational direction, respectively. The nearly 80-year-old Cholodny-Went theory [Went, F.