The impact of sleep restriction on cerebrovascular reactivity and cognitive outcomes in healthy adolescents: A pilot crossover trial.

Background: The underlying mechanism for the association between sleep restriction (SR) and unfavorable cognitive outcomes in children and adolescents remains unclear. This study aimed to understand the effect of 5-night experimental SR on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurements of cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) and cognitive function in adolescents.

Methods: This randomized crossover study compared two sleep conditions, SR and Control Sleep (CS) in a home setting.

Giving Women the Benefit of the Doubt? Examining Gender Differences in Schools' Management of Sexual Allegations Against Employees.

Comparing women's and men's sexual offending patterns in educational settings is a relatively recent empirical endeavor. Accordingly, gender-based examinations of schools' management of sexual allegations are lacking. We address this gap by drawing on a unique administrative dataset from an Australian jurisdiction that captures alleged improper sexual conduct by educational employees.

Assessment of MR blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) cerebrovascular reactivity under general anesthesia in children with moyamoya.

Background: Moyamoya is a progressive, non-atherosclerotic cerebral arteriopathy that may present in childhood and currently has no cure. Early diagnosis is critical to prevent a lifelong risk of neurological morbidity. Blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) MRI cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) imaging provides a non-invasive, in vivo measure of autoregulatory capacity and cerebrovascular reserve.

Network localization of pediatric lesion-induced dystonia.

Objective: Dystonia is a movement disorder defined by involuntary muscle contractions leading to abnormal postures or twisting and repetitive movements. Classically dystonia has been thought of as a disorder of the basal ganglia, but newer results in idiopathic dystonia and lesion-induced dystonia in adults point to broader motor network dysfunction spanning the basal ganglia, cerebellum, premotor cortex, sensorimotor, and frontoparietal regions. It is unclear whether a similar network is shared between different etiologies of pediatric lesion-induced dystonia.

"It's a preventable type of harm": Evidence-based strategies to prevent sexual abuse in schools.

The last two decades have seen global public recognition of the scale and impact of adult-perpetrated institutional child sexual abuse. A sizeable body of knowledge about generalized safeguarding measures has since been generated to inform organizations' prevention efforts. Apparent in the extant literature, however, is a notable lack of evidence-based and context-specific prevention strategies targeting perpetration in distinct institutional environments.

The development of the pediatric stroke neuroimaging platform (PEDSNIP).

Childhood stroke occurs from birth to 18 years of age, ranks among the top ten childhood causes of death, and leaves lifelong neurological impairments. Arterial ischemic stroke in infancy and childhood occurs due to arterial occlusion in the brain, resulting in a focal lesion. Our understanding of mechanisms of injury and repair associated with focal injury in the developing brain remains rudimentary.

Megakaryocyte/platelet-derived TGF-β1 inhibits megakaryopoiesis in bone marrow by regulating thrombopoietin production in liver.

Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) regulates a wide variety of events in adult bone marrow (BM), including quiescence of hematopoietic stem cells, via undefined mechanisms. Because megakaryocytes (MKs)/platelets are a rich source of TGF-β1, we assessed whether TGF-β1 might inhibit its own production by comparing mice with conditional inactivation of Tgfb1 in MKs (PF4Cre;Tgfb1flox/flox) and control mice. PF4Cre;Tgfb1flox/flox mice had ∼30% more MKs in BM and ∼15% more circulating platelets than control mice (P < .

Umbilical epidermal inclusion cysts, an unusual cause of umbilical mass following laparoscopic surgery: case report.

Umbilical lumps are a common presentation that can represent a diagnostic challenge as the differentials are broad. Epidermal inclusion cysts occur when epidermal cells are implanted in the dermis following trauma, or surgery. Although epidermal inclusion cysts are common, they are rarely cause of umbilical mass, with less than 10 cases described in the literature.

Understanding Adolescent Girls in Custody Using the Multidimensional Inventory of Development, Sex, and Aggression (MIDSA).

Although research on populations of incarcerated female adolescents has increased, there remains a dearth of qualitative research that speaks to the life narratives of these girls. Existing research suggests this population is deeply troubled, which necessitates a better understanding of their lived experience to more thoroughly inform prevention and rehabilitation efforts. This article is one of the first to assess a wide range of traits and characteristics of girls in custody.

Why do not all living kidney donor candidates proceed to donation?

There are national and international guidelines for donor workup and acceptance criteria of potential living kidney donor candidates (LKDC), but there is significant variation in clinical practice. We examined our local practice in assessing potential LKDC against current guidelines; nearly all of our accepted donors met these guidelines. LKDC who did not proceed to donation had an identified health issue (60%), the presence of risk factors for long-term end-stage kidney disease (17%), social (13%) or immunological reasons (7%).

Inhibition in the face of emotion: Characterization of the spatial-temporal dynamics that facilitate automatic emotion regulation.

Emotion regulation mediates socio-cognitive functions and is essential for interactions with others. The capacity to automatically inhibit responses to emotional stimuli is an important aspect of emotion regulation; the underlying neural mechanisms of this ability have been rarely investigated. Forty adults completed a Go/No-go task during magnetoencephalographic (MEG) recordings, where they responded rapidly to either a blue or purple frame which contained angry or happy faces.

Feasibility of Magnetoencephalography after Endovascular Treatment of Ruptured Intracranial Aneurysms.

Objective: Among good outcome survivors of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH), only 23% have normal neurocognitive performance, despite imaging that is often normal. The aim of this work is to explore the use of magnetoencephalography (MEG) after endovascular treatment of ruptured aneurysms.

Methods: Good outcome aSAH patients treated with coiling and matched controls were recruited.

Increased Frontal Lobe Activation After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.

Background And Purpose: Neurocognitive deficits are common among survivors of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, even among those with good outcomes and no structural lesions. This study aims to probe the neurophysiological underpinnings of cognitive dysfunction among patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms using magnetoencephalography (MEG).

Methods: Thirteen patients who had undergone uncomplicated coiling for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage and 13 matched controls were enrolled.

The Omega-3 fatty acids (Fish Oils) and Aspirin in Vascular access OUtcomes in REnal Disease (FAVOURED) study: the updated final trial protocol and rationale of post-initiation trial modifications.

Background: The FAVOURED study is an international multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial which commenced recruitment in 2008 and examines whether omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 PUFAs) either alone or in combination with aspirin will effectively reduce primary access failure of de novo arteriovenous fistulae (AVF) in patients with stage 4 and 5 chronic kidney disease. Publication of new evidence derived from additional studies of clopidogrel and a high screen failure rate due to prevalent aspirin usage prompted an updated trial design.

Methods/design: The original trial protocol published in 2009 has undergone two major amendments, which were implemented in 2011.

Soldiers With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder See a World Full of Threat: Magnetoencephalography Reveals Enhanced Tuning to Combat-Related Cues.

Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is linked to elevated arousal and alterations in cognitive processes. Yet, whether a traumatic experience is linked to neural and behavioral differences in selective attentional tuning to traumatic stimuli is not known. The present study examined selective awareness of threat stimuli and underlying temporal-spatial patterns of brain activation associated with PTSD.

Assessing the components of adaptive capacity to improve conservation and management efforts under global change.

Natural-resource managers and other conservation practitioners are under unprecedented pressure to categorize and quantify the vulnerability of natural systems based on assessment of the exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity of species to climate change. Despite the urgent need for these assessments, neither the theoretical basis of adaptive capacity nor the practical issues underlying its quantification has been articulated in a manner that is directly applicable to natural-resource management. Both are critical for researchers, managers, and other conservation practitioners to develop reliable strategies for assessing adaptive capacity.

Neurogenetic variations in norepinephrine availability enhance perceptual vividness.

Emotionally salient aspects of the world are experienced with greater perceptual vividness than mundane ones; however, such emotionally enhanced vividness (EEV) may be experienced to different degrees for different people. We examined whether BOLD activity associated with a deletion variant of the ADRA2b gene coding for the α2b adrenoceptor modulates EEV in humans. Relative to noncarriers, ADRA2b deletion carriers showed higher levels of perceptual vividness, with the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) showing greater modulation by EEV.

Renal allograft re-use and herpetic re-infection.

A middle-aged man received a kidney transplant from a deceased multi-organ donor. The recipient suffered cardiac arrest several days post-operatively and sustained hypoxic brain injury and was declared brain dead. Following the family's consent, the allograft kidney was retrieved and re-transplanted into a man with end-stage renal failure secondary to reflux nephropathy.

Relocation, high-latitude warming and host genetic identity shape the foliar fungal microbiome of poplars.

Micro-organisms associated with plants and animals affect host fitness, shape community structure and influence ecosystem properties. Climate change is expected to influence microbial communities, but their reactions are not well understood. Host-associated micro-organisms are influenced by the climate reactions of their hosts, which may undergo range shifts due to climatic niche tracking, or may be actively relocated to mitigate the effects of climate change.

Delayed and disorganised brain activation detected with magnetoencephalography after mild traumatic brain injury.

Background: Awareness to neurocognitive issues after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is increasing, but currently no imaging markers are available for mTBI. Advanced structural imaging recently showed microstructural tissue changes and axonal injury, mild but likely sufficient to lead to functional deficits. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) has high temporal and spatial resolution, combining structural and electrophysiological information, and can be used to examine brain activation patterns of regions involved with specific tasks.

Patient preferences on the integration of complementary therapy with conventional cancer care.

Aims: Complementary therapy use by patients with cancer is highly prevalent, although little is known about the optimal model of integration with conventional care. This study explored patient preferences regarding integration in an Australian context.

Methods: Cancer patients participated in focus groups conducted by an experienced facilitator.