Too precarious to walk: an integrated "three delays" framework for modeling barriers to maternal health care and birth registration among stateless persons and irregular migrants in Malaysia.

This study extends Thaddeus and Maine's (1994) "three delays" framework to model the interrelated barriers to maternal health care and birth registration. We focus on stateless persons and irregular migrants, populations that are especially at risk of being "left behind" in United Nations member states' efforts to "provide legal identity to all" as part of the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda. Drawing on qualitative fieldwork conducted in Sabah, Malaysia, we model delays in accessing maternal health care and birth registration as an integrated, cyclical process.