Incidence of Hearing Loss in Patients With Neurofibromatosis Type 1 at a Tertiary Care Pediatric Hospital.

Background: Hearing loss has not been thoroughly investigated as a comorbidity in larger cohorts with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1).

Methods: Available audiometric data were reviewed from patients with NF1 seen at a tertiary pediatric hospital to assess prevalence and risk factors for hearing loss.

Results: Of 1172 patients with NF1 seen between 2010 and 2022, 90 had available audiometric data and 48 of 90 patients (53%) had one or more audiogram revealing hearing loss.

Programming Levels and Speech Perception in Pediatric Cochlear Implant Recipients With Enlarged Vestibular Aqueduct or GJB2 Mutation.

Objective: To determine the relationship between hearing loss etiology, cochlear implant (CI) programming levels, and speech perception performance in a large clinical cohort of pediatric CI recipients.

Study Design: Retrospective chart review.

Setting: Tertiary care hospitals.

Effect of Hearing Device Use on Speech-in-Noise Performance in Children with Severe-to-Profound Unilateral Hearing Loss.

Objectives: Limited evidence exists for the use of rerouting devices in children with severe-to-profound unilateral sensorineural hearing loss. Many laboratory studies to date have evaluated hearing-in-noise performance in specific target-masker spatial configurations within a small group of participants and with only a subset of available hearing devices. In the present study, the efficacy of all major types of nonsurgical devices was evaluated within a larger group of pediatric subjects on a challenging speech-in-noise recognition task.

American Cochlear Implant Alliance Task Force Guidelines for Clinical Assessment and Management of Cochlear Implantation in Children With Single-Sided Deafness.

More children with single-sided deafness (SSD) are receiving cochlear implants (CIs) due to the expansion of CI indications. This unique group of pediatric patients has different needs than the typical recipient with bilateral deafness and requires special consideration and care. The goal of cochlear implantation in these children is to provide bilateral input to encourage the development of binaural hearing.

The role of negative emotionality in the development of child executive function and language abilities from toddlerhood to first grade: An adoption study.

Understanding the role of negative emotionality in the development of executive functioning (EF) and language skills can help identify developmental windows that may provide promising opportunities for intervention. In addition, because EF and language skills are, in part, genetically influenced, intergenerational transmission patterns are important to consider. The prospective parent-offspring adoption design used in this study provides a unique opportunity to examine the intergenerational transmission of EF and language skills.

The Affective Lives of Doubled-Up Latinx Youth: Influences of School Experiences, Familism, and Ethnic Identity Exploration.

Doubled-up Latinx youth experience many daily challenges associated with ethnic minority status and residential instability. Doubled-up youth share housing with non-custodial caregivers such as friends and/or extended family members primarily because of economic hardship and a breakdown in available parental support. Using data from baseline and 10 days of twice-a-day surveys, this study examined how in-school positive experiences, familism (i.

Incidence, Time Course, and Implications of Electrode Abnormalities in Pediatric Cochlear Implant Recipients.

Objectives: To identify the incidence of specific abnormal impedance patterns or electrode faults, and determine their implication and significance, in a pediatric population of cochlear implant recipients.

Design: Nine hundred fifty-six cochlear implant devices (621 recipients) were included in this retrospective study. Devices were included if the implantation surgery was performed at our tertiary care hospital, and the recipient was 21 years of age or younger at the time the device was implanted.

Auditory Comprehension in School-Aged Children With Normal Hearing and With Unilateral Hearing Loss.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to measure auditory comprehension performance in school-aged children with unilateral hearing loss (UHL) and with normal hearing (NH) in quiet and in the presence of child-produced two-talker babble (TTB). Method Listeners were school-aged children (7-12 years) with permanent UHL ( = 25) or NH ( = 14). Comprehension of three short stories taken from the Test of Narrative Language (Gillam & Pearson, 2004) was measured in quiet and in the presence of TTB at two signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs): (a) +6 dB and (b) the individualized SNR required to achieve 50% sentence understanding in the presence of the same TTB masker in a prior study (Griffin, Poissant, & Freyman, 2019).

Daily social and affective lives of homeless youth: What is the role of teacher and peer social support?

Youth spend a significant amount of time in school surrounded by and interacting with teachers and peers. For doubled-up homeless youth (i.e.

Longitudinal examination of pathways to peer problems in middle childhood: A siblings-reared-apart design.

To advance research from Dishion and others on associations between parenting and peer problems across childhood, we used a sample of 177 sibling pairs reared apart since birth (because of adoption of one of the siblings) to examine associations between parental hostility and children's peer problems when children were ages 7 and 9.5 years (n = 329 children). We extended conventional cross-lagged parent-peer models by incorporating child inhibitory control as an additional predictor and examining genetic contributions via birth mother psychopathology.

Did I Inherit My Moral Compass? Examining Socialization and Evocative Mechanisms for Virtuous Character Development.

Virtuous character development in children is correlated with parenting behavior, but the role of genetic influences in this association has not been examined. Using a longitudinal twin/sibling study (N = 720; Time 1 (T1) M = 12-14 years, Time 3 (T3) M = 25-27 years), the current report examines associations among parental negativity/positivity and offspring responsibility during adolescence, and subsequent young adult conscientiousness. Findings indicate that associations among parental negativity and offspring virtuous character during adolescence and young adulthood are due primarily to heritable influences.

A Longitudinal Examination of Service Utilization and Trauma Symptoms among Young Women with Prior Foster Care and Juvenile Justice System Involvement.

We investigated the prediction of young adult service utilization and trauma symptoms from adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and adolescent mental health symptoms in young women with dual child welfare and juvenile justice system involvement. A sample of 166 females (ages 13 to 17) was followed to examine the transition to young adulthood. Path models indicated that more ACEs were associated with poorer adolescent mental health.

Parent-adolescent conflict and young adult romantic relationship negativity: Genetic and environmental influences.

Prior work indicates that aspects of interpersonal relationships are heritable, including negativity within parent-adolescent relationships as well as romantic relationships during adulthood. There have not, however, been systematic studies to disentangle genetic and environmental influences on relationship dynamics with parents as they relate to romantic partner relationship dynamics. Thus, the present study examined genetic and environmental influences on associations between parent-adolescent conflict and young adult reports of negativity with a romantic partner using a longitudinal twin/sibling design.

Speech-in-Noise and Quality-of-Life Measures in School-Aged Children With Normal Hearing and With Unilateral Hearing Loss.

Objectives: (1) Measure sentence recognition in co-located and spatially separated target and masker configurations in school-aged children with unilateral hearing loss (UHL) and with normal hearing (NH). (2) Compare self-reported hearing-related quality-of-life (QoL) scores in school-aged children with UHL and NH.

Design: Listeners were school-aged children (6 to 12 yrs) with permanent UHL (n = 41) or NH (n = 35) and adults with NH (n = 23).

Can monaural temporal masking explain the ongoing precedence effect?

The precedence effect for transient sounds has been proposed to be based primarily on monaural processes, manifested by asymmetric temporal masking. This study explored the potential for monaural explanations with longer ("ongoing") sounds exhibiting the precedence effect. Transient stimuli were single lead-lag noise burst pairs; ongoing stimuli were trains of 63 burst pairs.

Twelve Steps, Two Factors: Coping Strategies Moderate the Association Between Craving and Daily 12-Step Use in a College Recovery Community.

Background: Affiliating with 12-step groups appears to reduce relapse risk. By relying on between-person designs, extant research has been unable to examine daily mechanisms through which 12-step group affiliation contributes to recovery.

Objectives: To examine the daily use and factor structure of the 12 steps and intrapersonal predictors and moderators of 12-step use.

Transactions Between Substance Use Intervention, the Oxytocin Receptor (OXTR) Gene, and Peer Substance Use Predicting Youth Alcohol Use.

This study investigated the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) gene's moderation of associations between exposure to a substance misuse intervention, average peer substance use, and adolescents' own alcohol use during the 9th-grade. OXTR genetic risk was measured using five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and peer substance use was based on youths' nominated closest friends' own reports of alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use, based on data from the PROSPER project. Regression models revealed several findings.

Psychometric Evaluation of the Comprehensive Trauma Interview PTSD Symptoms Scale Following Exposure to Child Maltreatment.

The current study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Comprehensive Trauma Interview Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Symptoms Scale (CTI-PSS), a novel method of assessing PTSD symptoms following exposure to a range of child adversities in the child maltreatment population. A sample of female adolescents ( n = 343) exposed to substantiated child sexual abuse and a nonmaltreated comparison condition completed the CTI-PSS and other established measures to assess internal consistency, factor structure, test discriminability as well as convergent, discriminant, and incremental validities. Results demonstrated that the CTI-PSS is a reliable and valid measure of PTSD symptoms with good discriminability and a factor structure that fits existing conceptualizations of the PTSD construct.

Symptoms of major depressive disorder subsequent to child maltreatment: Examining change across multiple levels of analysis to identify transdiagnostic risk pathways.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a prevalent psychiatric condition in the child maltreatment population. However, not all children who have been maltreated will develop MDD or MDD symptoms, suggesting the presence of unique risk pathways that explain how certain children develop MDD symptoms when others do not. The current study tested several candidate risk pathways to MDD symptoms following child maltreatment: neuroendocrine, autonomic, affective, and emotion regulation.

Temporal effects in priming of masked and degraded speech.

When listeners know the content of the message they are about to hear, the clarity of distorted or partially masked speech increases dramatically. The current experiments investigated this priming phenomenon quantitatively using a same-different task where a typed caption and auditory message either matched exactly or differed by one key word. Four conditions were tested with groups of normal-hearing listeners: (a) natural speech presented in two-talker babble in a non-spatial configuration, (b) same as (a) but with the masker time reversed, (c) same as (a) but with target-masker spatial separation, and (d) vocoded sentences presented in speech-spectrum noise.

Differential Susceptibility: The Genetic Moderation of Peer Pressure on Alcohol Use.

Although peer pressure can influence adolescents' alcohol use, individual susceptibility to these pressures varies across individuals. The dopamine receptor D4 gene (DRD4) is a potential candidate gene that may influence adolescents' susceptibility to their peer environment due to the role dopamine plays in reward sensation during social interaction. We hypothesized that DRD4 genotype status would moderate the impact of 7th-grade antisocial peer pressure on 12th-grade lifetime alcohol use (n = 414; 58.

Contamination in the Prospective Study of Child Maltreatment and Female Adolescent Health.

Objective: To evaluate the impact of contamination, or the presence of child maltreatment in a comparison condition, when estimating the broad, longitudinal effects of child maltreatment on female health at the transition to adulthood.

Methods: The Female Adolescent Development Study (N = 514; age range: 14-19 years) used a prospective cohort design to examine the effects of substantiated child maltreatment on teenage births, obesity, major depression, and past-month cigarette use. Contamination was controlled via a multimethod strategy that used both adolescent self-report and Child Protective Services records to remove cases of child maltreatment from the comparison condition.

Threshold of the precedence effect in noise.

Three effects that show a temporal asymmetry in the influence of interaural cues were studied through the addition of masking noise: (1) The transient precedence effect-the perceptual dominance of a leading transient over a similar lagging transient; (2) the ongoing precedence effect-lead dominance with lead and lag components that extend in time; and (3) the onset capture effect-determination by an onset transient of the lateral position of an otherwise ambiguous extended trailing sound. These three effects were evoked with noise-burst stimuli and were compared in the presence of masking noise. Using a diotic noise masker, detection thresholds for stimuli with lead/lag interaural delays of 0/500 μs were compared to those with 500/0 μs delays.

Priming of lowpass-filtered speech affects response bias, not sensitivity, in a bandwidth discrimination task.

Priming is demonstrated when prior information about the content of a distorted, filtered, or masked auditory message improves its clarity. The current experiment attempted to quantify aspects of priming by determining its effects on performance and bias in a lowpass-filter-cutoff frequency discrimination task. Nonsense sentences recorded by a female talker were sharply lowpass filtered at a nominal cutoff frequency (F) of 0.

Intelligibility of whispered speech in stationary and modulated noise maskers.

This study investigated the role of natural periodic temporal fine structure in helping listeners take advantage of temporal valleys in amplitude-modulated masking noise when listening to speech. Young normal-hearing participants listened to natural, whispered, and/or vocoded nonsense sentences in a variety of masking conditions. Whispering alters normal waveform temporal fine structure dramatically but, unlike vocoding, does not degrade spectral details created by vocal tract resonances.