Executive Attention at Eight Years: Concurrent and Longitudinal Predictors and Individual Differences.

Executive attention, the attention necessary to reconcile conflict among simultaneous attentional demands, is vital to children's daily lives. This attention develops rapidly as the anterior cingulate cortex and prefrontal areas mature during early and middle childhood. However, the developmental course of executive attention is not uniform amongst children.

A Longitudinal Investigation of Conflict and Delay Inhibitory Control in Toddlers and Preschoolers.

Research Findings: Eighty-one children participated in a longitudinal investigation of inhibitory control (IC) from 2 to 4 years of age. Child IC was measured via maternal report and laboratory measures under conditions of conflict and delay. Performance on delay IC tasks at 3 years was related to performance on these same tasks at 2 and 4 years, but performance on conflict IC tasks was not related over time.

Nutrient intake from thickened beverages and patient-specific implications for care.

Dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing, affects more than 15 million Americans and can result in adverse and potentially fatal consequences, including poor quality of life, depression, dehydration, malnutrition, aspiration pneumonia, and airway obstruction. Although many treatment options are available, provision of thickened liquids is a common intervention for achieving slower, more controlled bolus manipulation and propulsion. To meet this therapeutic demand, commercially available products containing starch and/or gum-based components have been developed for use by patients and institutions.