Genomic evidence for three distinct species in the complex in Central Europe (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae).

Unlabelled: A problem to implement conservation strategies is that in many cases recognized taxa are in fact complexes of several cryptic species. Failure to properly delineate species may lead to misplaced priorities or to inadequate conservation measures. One such species complex is the yellow-spotted ringlet , which comprises several phenotypically distinct lineages, whose degree of genomic isolation has so far not been assessed.

Prevalence and relationship of endosymbiotic Wolbachia in the butterfly genus Erebia.

Background: Wolbachia is an endosymbiont common to most invertebrates, which can have significant evolutionary implications for its host species by acting as a barrier to gene flow. Despite the importance of Wolbachia, still little is known about its prevalence and diversification pattern among closely related host species. Wolbachia strains may phylogenetically coevolve with their hosts, unless horizontal host-switches are particularly common.