Severe Hemorrhagic Shock Induces Acute Activation and Expansion of IL-8+/IL-10+ Neutrophils with Enhanced Oxidative Reactivity in Non-Human Primates.

Background: Neutrophilic inflammation is a mediator of morbidity and mortality in response to hemorrhagic shock. Although injury-induced neutrophil margination has long been observed, the nature of neutrophils' role in the "second hit" paradigm remains to be fully elucidated. We sought to extensively characterize neutrophil phenotype and functionality in response to severe hemorrhage in non-human primates (NHPs).