Variations of alcohol impairment in different types, causes and contexts of injuries: results of emergency room studies from 16 countries.

Objective: The purpose of this paper is to document alcohol impairment (based on a blood alcohol content (BAC) of at least 80 mg%) for different types, causes and location contexts of injuries.

Design And Setting: Data from 45 studies with 11,536 injury patients were merged to determine variations in the percent of alcohol impairment among injury patients. In each study, emergency room (ER) injury patients were given a short interview on the circumstances of their injury and BAC was measured.

Reticent behavior and experiences in peer interactions in Chinese and Canadian children.

In this study, the authors examined relations between reticent behavior in unfamiliar peer situations and experiences in interactions in Chinese and Canadian children. Observational data were collected from samples of children at 4 years of age in the People's Republic of China and Canada. The results indicated that relations between reticent behavior and peer initiations were similar in the 2 samples.

The criteria for causation of alcohol in violent injuries based on emergency room data from six countries.

This paper is based on data using similar methods collected from patients at 30 emergency rooms (ERs) in six countries. These data were analyzed with the goal of determining whether alcohol is a likely cause of violence through an application of criteria outlined by Bradford Hill. Analyses were conducted by comparing various measures of alcohol involvement in violent versus accidental injuries.

Loneliness and social adaptation in Brazilian, Canadian, Chinese and Italian children: a multi-national comparative study.

Background: Research on children's loneliness has been conducted mostly in Western, especially North American, cultures. The purpose of the study was to examine relations between loneliness and social adaptation among children and adolescents in four different societies.

Methods: A total of 2263 children from grade 3 to grade 6, aged 9 to 12 years, in Brazil, Canada, P.

Driving behavior of alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine abuse treatment clients and population controls.

Background/introduction: A paucity of research exists on driving after use of cannabis or cocaine among clients in substance abuse treatment and changes in this behavior after treatment.

Objectives: The objectives of this research are to compare treatment clients and population controls before and after treatment in terms of: 1) amount of driving; 2) alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine consumption; 3) driving after use of alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine; and 4) driving infractions.

Method: Telephone interviews were conducted with a sample of 110 clients who received treatment in 1995 for a primary problem of alcohol (n = 44), cannabis (n = 37), or cocaine (n = 29) abuse.