Endogenous Cholinergic System Involved in Peripheral Analgesic Control in Mice Is Activated by TNF-α, CXCL-1, and IL-1β.

Introduction: Tissue injury results in the release of inflammatory mediators, including a cascade of algogenic substances, which contribute to the development of hyperalgesia. During this process, endogenous analgesic substances are peripherally released to counterbalance hyperalgesia. The present study aimed to investigate whether inflammatory mediators TNF-α, IL-1β, CXCL1, norepinephrine (NE), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) may be involved in the deflagration of peripheral endogenous modulation of inflammatory pain by activation of the cholinergic system.

Curcumin induces peripheral antinociception by opioidergic and cannabinoidergic mechanism: Pharmacological evidence.

Background: Curcumin is one of the compounds present in plants of the genus Curcuma sp., being very used not only as condiment but also with medicinal purposes. As an analgesic, papers highlight the efficacy of curcumin in the treatment of various types of pain.

Profile of cell proliferation and apoptosis activated by the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways in the prostate of aging rats.

Background: Estrogens acting through the receptors ERα and ERβ participate in prostate normal growth and cancer. ERβ is highly expressed in the prostate epithelium, playing pro-apoptotic, anti-proliferative, and pro-differentiation roles. Apoptosis is activated by the intrinsic pathway after castration and by the extrinsic pathway after ERβ agonist treatment.