Correction to: Infection's Association With Decreased Risk of Breast Cancer.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.14740/wjon1617.].

Improving Value in Colorectal Cancer Care: An Economic Analysis of Enhanced Recovery Protocols at a Community Hospital.

Background: Enhanced recovery protocols (ERPs) have been shown to improve the outcomes of gastrointestinal cancer care, leading to reduced morbidity of gastrointestinal treatment and reduced delays in systemic therapy. ERP implementation has also previously shown a reduction in length of stay (LOS) without changing the readmission rate; however, the economic cost associated with these measures has not yet been quantified. The aim of this study was to evaluate the economic costs of ERP implementation for colorectal cancer at a community hospital.

Infection's Association With Decreased Risk of Breast Cancer.

Background: () is a common cause of widespread bacterial infections and has been associated with the stabilization of the microbiome. The microbiome, through modulating systemic inflammation with possible upregulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, may potentiate the development of breast cancer (BC). The purpose of this study was to therefore evaluate the correlation between previous infection and the incidence of BC.

The Role of Infection and Its Relationship With Colorectal Cancer.

Background: is a gram-negative coccobacillus. Non-typeable infection is a significant cause of disease that activates the inflammatory pathway involving the nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-containing family, pyrin domain-containing-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. A gain-of-function mutation in NLRP3 results in cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes characterized by inflammatory conditions in the lungs, skin, joints, and eyes but not in the gut.

Esophageal Perforation in a 76-Year-Old Man After C5-C7 Anterior Discectomy and Anterior Plate Fusion.

Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) is indicated for the treatment of various cervical pathologies, including myelopathy, cervical disc degeneration, and radiculopathy. Esophageal perforation is a rare postsurgical complication of ACDF, although it poses serious and potentially fatal outcomes. Esophageal perforation has been described as the most fatal complication of the gastrointestinal tract as delayed diagnosis can lead to sepsis and death.

Improving Gastrointestinal Cancer Care by Enhanced Recovery Protocol Implementation.

Background: Enhanced recovery protocols (ERPs) have become the standard of care for patients undergoing elective small bowel surgeries but have not yet been adequately studied in community hospitals. In this study, a multidisciplinary ERP was developed and implemented at a community hospital to include minimal anesthesia, early ambulation and enteral alimentation, and multimodal analgesia. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of the ERP on postoperative length of stay (LOS), readmission (RA) rates following bowel surgery, and postoperative outcomes.

The Association of Human Cytomegalovirus Infection and Colorectal Cancer: A Clinical Analysis.

Background: Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) commonly infects humans and establishes lifelong infection. It causes disease and increased mortality rates in patients with immunosuppression. HCMV gene products are found to be present in multiple human malignancies and target cellular functions involved in tumor development; additionally, a tumor-cytoreductive role of CMV has also been observed.

Human Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Infection Associated With Decreased Risk of Bronchogenic Carcinoma: Understanding How a Previous CMV Infection Leads to an Enhanced Immune Response Against Malignancy.

Introduction:  ​Cytomegalovirus (CMV) causes a long-lasting, asymptomatic infection that reportedly has both advantageous and deleterious effects on tumor progression. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlation between CMV infection and the incidence of bronchogenic carcinoma.

Methods: The study was conducted using a Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) compliant national database to identify patients both with and without histories of CMV infection using International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10 and ICD-9) codes.

Incidence of Breast Cancer and Enterococcus Infection: A Retrospective Analysis.

Background: Enterococci role in the microbiome remains controversial, and researches regarding enterococcal infection (EI) and its sequelae are limited. The gut microbiome has shown to play an important role in immunology and cancer. Recent data have suggested a relationship between the gut microbiome and breast cancer (BC).

Clostridium difficile Infection Is Associated With Decreased Prostate Cancer Risk: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Background () is one of the most common hospital-acquired infections and causes the release of various cytokines. Prostate cancer (PC) is the second most common cancer in men worldwide. As infections have been associated with decreased cancer risk, the effects of on the risk of developing PC were analyzed.

The Association Between Aspirin and Basal Cell Carcinoma: A Clinical and Financial Analysis.

Background: Nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most common malignancy. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) comprises about 80% of all NMSCs and its incidence continues to rise. Although BCC rarely leads to metastases or increased mortality, its effects on healthcare costs and quality of life are substantial.

Partial thickness rotator cuff tears: Patient demographics and surgical trends within a large insurance database.

Introduction: Partial thickness rotator cuff tears (PTRCT) are a common injury reported in 13-32% of the population, yet most of the current literature focuses on full thickness rotator cuff tears. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze trends among patients with PTRCT including: (1) demographics; (2) comorbidities; (3) cost of care; (4) setting of initial diagnosis; and (5) change in incidence of PTRCT or surgical approach over time.

Methods: A Medicare patient-population consisting of 44 million lives was retrospectively analyzed from 2007 to 2017 using International Classification of Disease, 9th Revision (ICD-9) codes.