Signature precursor and mature microRNAs in cervical ripening during gestational diabetes mellitus lead to pre-term labor and other impediments in future.

Unlabelled: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a pathological condition in which the placenta releases a hormone called human placental lactogen that prevents maternal insulin uptake. GDM is characterised by varying degrees of carbohydrate intolerance and is first identified during pregnancy. Around 5-17% of pregnancies are GDM pregnancies.

Cross-talk between insulin resistance and nitrogen species in hypoxia leads to deterioration of tissue and homeostasis.

Hypoxia has been linked with insulin resistance as it produces changes in the metabolism of the cell; in which the adipocytes impede the insulin receptor tyrosine, phosphorylation, directing at decreased levels of transport of glucose. At this juncture, we are focusing on cross-talk between insulin resistance and nitrogen species in hypoxia, leading to the deterioration of tissue and homeostasis. Physiological levels of nitric oxide play a very crucial role in acting as a priority effector and signaling molecule, arbitrating the body's responses to hypoxia.

Prospective dietary radical scavengers: Boon in Pharmacokinetics, overcome insulin obstruction via signaling cascade for absorption during impediments in metabolic disorder like Diabetic Mellitus.

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder which is characterized based on the blood glucose level. This can be due to the lack of efficiency of utilizing insulin or lack of production of insulin. There are numerous therapies and medications which are available for the treatment of this disease which can reduce the risk of diabetes.

Dysregulation of nitric oxide synthases during early and late pathophysiological conditions of diabetes mellitus leads to amassing of microvascular impedement.

Diabetes is a major killer worldwide and its unprecedented rise poses a serious threat to mankind. According to recent estimation, 387 million people worldwide are affected from the disease with a prevalence rate of 8.3 and 46.

Presence of pyrroloquinazoline alkaloid in attenuates inflammatory response through the downregulation of pro-inflammatory mediators in LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages.

Inflammation is the primary response caused due to harmful stimuli which are followed by the increased draining of plasma and immune cells from the body into the site of the injured tissue. A signaling cascade of growth factors and cytokines propagates and eventually matures in the inflammatory site involving the blood vessels and immune markers within the injured tissue in order to promote the renewal of the degenerated tissue. During a chronic disorder like diabetic foot ulcer, there is an obstinate inflammation which may act as a prime factor for limb amputation and upon persistent prevalence may even lead to death.

Biochemical characterization of three phase partitioned naringinase from Aspergillus brasiliensis MTCC 1344.

Naringinase is a complex enzyme composed of α-L-rhamnosidase and β-D-glucosidase, which has a vast potential application in the field of industrial biotechnology. The novel aspect in the present study is employing a three-phase partitioning (TPP) technique for the purification of naringinase by solid-state fermentation using Aspergillus brasiliensis MTCC 1344. At optimum conditions of 28±2 °C and 30% (w/v) ammonium sulfate along with a 1:1 ratio of t-butanol to crude extract, the purification is enhanced by 4.

Estimating the Sizes of Populations At Risk of HIV Infection From Multiple Data Sources Using a Bayesian Hierarchical Model.

In most countries in the world outside of sub-Saharan Africa, HIV is largely concentrated in sub-populations whose behavior puts them at higher risk of contracting and transmitting HIV, such as people who inject drugs, sex workers and men who have sex with men. Estimating the size of these sub-populations is important for assessing overall HIV prevalence and designing effective interventions. We present a Bayesian hierarchical model for estimating the sizes of local and national HIV key affected populations.

Estimating the size of key populations at higher risk of HIV infection: a summary of experiences and lessons presented during a technical meeting on size estimation among key populations in Asian countries.

Problem: Size estimates of key populations at higher risk of HIV exposure are recognized as critical for understanding the trajectory of the HIV epidemic and planning and monitoring an effective response, especially for countries with concentrated and low epidemics such as those in Asia.

Context: To help countries estimate population sizes of key populations, global guidelines were updated in 2011 to reflect new technical developments and recent field experiences in applying these methods.

Action: In September 2013, a meeting of programme managers and experts experienced with population size estimates (PSE) for key populations was held for 13 Asian countries.

HIV surveillance systems in the Asia Pacific region.

In 2011, the United Nations Joint Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) Regional Support Team for Asia-Pacific conducted a stock-taking process of available strategic information in the Asia Pacific region. This paper summarizes the progress of HIV surveillance for 20 countries in the region, covering population size estimates of key populations at higher risk, HIV case reporting, HIV sentinel surveillance and probability surveys of behavioural and biological markers. Information on surveillance activities was obtained from publically available surveillance reports and protocols, supplemented by personal communication with the UNAIDS monitoring and evaluation advisers and surveillance experts in country.

HIV transmission in Bangladesh: an analysis of IDU programme coverage.

Background: Sentinel Surveillance found HIV had increased to 7% among street-based injection drug users (IDUs) in Central Bangladesh in 2006-2007, indicating the urgent need to increase prevention. In 2004, size estimation of groups vulnerable to HIV was done by an expert committee under the National AIDS/STD Programme, making programme coverage estimates possible for the first time.

Methods: Appropriate multipliers were applied to size information to estimate a total of 20,000-40,000 IDUs throughout the country.