Cerebral metabolic alterations and cognitive dysfunction in children with chronic kidney disease using magnetic resonance spectroscopy and Wechsler intelligence scale.

Aim: Many studies have described impaired intelligence, attention, memory and executive function in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) dialyzed and non-dialyzed, but there is still a lack of sensitive and early methods of detection of these deficits. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between brain metabolic alteration [measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)] and cognitive dysfunction in CKD children (detected by psychometric analysis).

Methods: One hundred and forty patients with CKD were included (40 patients with stage 5 CKD on dialysis, 30 patients with stage 4 to 5 CKD without dialysis, and 70 patients with stage 1 to 3 CKD).

T helper 1 and T helper 2 cytokines in atopic children with steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome.

Introduction: A higher incidence of allergic disorders has been documented in children with steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS); however, the role of cytokines associated with T helper 1 and T helper 2 cells is not fully elucidated. This study aimed to evaluate the role of T helper 1 and T helper 2 cytokines in both remission and activity phases among atopic versus nonatopic children with SSNS.

Materials And Methods: Fifty-two children with SSNS (21 with atopic disorders and 31 nonatopics) and 60 healthy children were enrolled in the study.