Comparing low-cost handheld autorefractors: A practical approach to measuring refraction in low-resource settings.

Purpose: To compare and validate the accuracy and ease of use of handheld autorefractors against retinoscopic refraction by an ophthalmologist for assessing the visual acuity of older adults in India.

Methods: 190 patients were enrolled at the Sankara Eye Hospital in Bangalore, India, to undergo refraction using three different handheld devices-Retinomax (Nikon Inc., Japan), Netra (Eyenetra, Inc.