Treatments for Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Literature Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Delaying disease progression and reducing the risk of mortality are key goals in the treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD). New drug classes to augment renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors as the standard of care have scarcely met their primary endpoints until recently. This systematic literature review explored treatments evaluated in patients with CKD since 1990 to understand what contemporary data add to the treatment landscape.

Methods and rationale of the DISCOVER CKD global observational study.

Background: Real-world data for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), specifically pertaining to clinical management, metabolic control, treatment patterns, quality of life (QoL) and dietary patterns, are limited. Understanding these gaps using real-world, routine care data will improve our understanding of the challenges and consequences faced by patients with CKD, and will facilitate the long-term goal of improving their management and prognosis.

Methods: DISCOVER CKD follows an enriched hybrid study design, with both retrospective and prospective patient cohorts, integrating primary and secondary data from patients with CKD from China, Italy, Japan, Sweden, the UK and the USA.

External validation of a model to predict women most at risk of postpartum venous thromboembolism: Maternity clot risk.

Introduction: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is the leading cause of direct maternal mortality in high-income countries. We previously developed a risk prediction score for postpartum venous thromboembolism (VTE) in women without a previous VTE. In this paper, we provide further external validation and assess its performance across various groups of postpartum women from England.

Incidence of Uncommon Clinical Events in USA Patients with Dialysis-Dependent and Nondialysis-Dependent Chronic Kidney Disease: Analysis of Electronic Health Records from TriNetX.

Introduction: Further understanding of adverse clinical events in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is needed. This study aimed to describe characteristics of patients with nondialysis-dependent (NDD) and dialysis-dependent (DD) CKD and to assess incidence rates of uncommon adverse clinical events of interest in these patients.

Methods: This retrospective study used electronic medical record data from USA CKD patients (≥18 years) with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 mL/min/1.

Mortality Among Patients With Polymyalgia Rheumatica: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Objective: To determine whether a diagnosis of polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) is associated with premature mortality.

Methods: We extracted anonymized electronic medical records of patients ages >40 years who were eligible for linkage with the Office for National Statistics Death Registration data set, from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink from 1990 to 2016. Patients with PMR were individually matched, by age, sex, and registered general practice, with up to 5 controls without PMR.

Rheumatic Conditions as Risk Factors for Self-Harm: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Objective: To examine the risk of self-harm in rheumatic conditions.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using data from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink. Patients with ankylosing spondylitis, fibromyalgia, osteoarthritis, or rheumatoid arthritis were identified from 1990 to 2016 and matched to patients without these conditions.

Comorbidities in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica prior to and following diagnosis: A case control and cohort study.

Objectives: To determine the burden of comorbidities, including glucocorticoid (GC) related adverse effects, in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) before and after diagnosis.

Methods: We extracted anonymised electronic medical records of patients over the age of 40 years from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink from 1990-2016. Patients with PMR were individually matched on age, sex and registered General Practice to between three and five controls.

Interstitial lung disease is a risk factor for ischaemic heart disease and myocardial infarction.

Objectives: Despite many shared risk factors and pathophysiological pathways, the risk of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and myocardial infarction (MI) in interstitial lung disease (ILD) remains poorly understood. This lack of data could be preventing patients who may benefit from screening for these cardiovascular diseases from receiving it.

Methods: A population-based cohort study used electronic patient records from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink and linked Hospital Episode Statistics to identify 68 572 patients (11 688 ILD exposed (mean follow-up: 3.

Antibiotic use and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based case-control study.

Background: Antibiotic-induced disturbances of the human microbiota have been implicated in the development of chronic autoimmune conditions. This study aimed to assess whether antibiotic use is associated with the onset of rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods: A nested case-control study was conducted utilising data from the primary care Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD).

Venous thromboembolism in patients with gout and the impact of hospital admission, disease duration and urate-lowering therapy.

Background: Systemic inflammatory diseases have been associated with increased risk of venous thromboembolism. We aimed to quantify the risk of venous thromboembolism in patients with gout, the most common inflammatory arthritis, and to assess how disease duration, hospital admission and urate-lowering therapy affect this risk.

Methods: We used data from the population-representative, England-based Clinical Practice Research Datalink linked to Hospital Episode Statistics, to identify incident gout cases between 1998 and 2017.

Duration and Magnitude of Postoperative Risk of Venous Thromboembolism after Cholecystectomy: A Population-Based Cohort Study.

Background: This study aimed to identify the burden and risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) associated with cholecystectomy in England.

Methods: An historical cohort study of cholecystectomy patients from 2001 to 2011 was undertaken using linked primary (Clinical Practice Research Datalink) and secondary (Hospital Episode Statistics) care data. Crude rates and adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated for risk of VTE following cholecystectomy using Cox regression.

Glycaemic, gastrointestinal and appetite responses to breakfast porridges from ancient cereal grains: A MRI pilot study in healthy humans.

Cereal grain based porridges are commonly consumed throughout the world. Whilst some data are available for varieties that are popular in the Western world such as oats and rye, other 'ancient' grains used in the East and in Africa such as millets are thought to have beneficial health effects, such as a suppression of post prandial hunger and circulating glucose levels. These grains, a sustainable food source due to their tolerance of extreme weather and growing conditions, are commonly found throughout Asia and Africa.

Comorbidities in polymyalgia rheumatica: a systematic review.

Background And Aim: Comorbidities are known to exist in many rheumatological conditions. Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) is a common inflammatory rheumatological condition affecting older people which, prior to effective treatment, causes severe disability. Our understanding of associated comorbidities in PMR is based only on case reports or series and small cohort studies.

Risk of chronic kidney disease in patients with gout and the impact of urate lowering therapy: a population-based cohort study.

Background: An association between gout and renal disease is well-recognised but few studies have examined whether gout is a risk factor for subsequent chronic kidney disease (CKD). Additionally, the impact of urate-lowering therapy (ULT) on development of CKD in gout is unclear. The objective of this study was to quantify the risk of CKD stage ≥ 3 in people with gout and the impact of ULT.

Incidence, prevalence and treatment burden of polymyalgia rheumatica in the UK over two decades: a population-based study.

Objective: Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) is the most common inflammatory rheumatic disease in older people. Contemporary estimates of the incidence and prevalence are lacking, and no previous study has assessed treatment patterns at a population level. This study aims to address this.

Risk of fragility fracture among patients with gout and the effect of urate-lowering therapy.

Background: Previous studies that quantified the risk of fracture among patients with gout and assessed the potential effect of urate-lowering therapy have provided conflicting results. Our study aims to provide better estimates of risk by minimizing the effect of selection bias and confounding on the observed association.

Methods: We used data from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink, which records primary care consultations of patients from across the United Kingdom.

Risk of fracture among patients with polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis: a population-based study.

Background: Glucocorticoids are associated with increased fracture risk and are the mainstay of treatment in polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) and giant cell arteritis (GCA). However, fracture risk in these conditions has not been previously quantified. The aim of this study was to quantify the risk of fracture among patients with PMR and GCA.

The incidence of first stroke in and around pregnancy: A population-based cohort study from Sweden.

Introduction: Research has suggested that delivery is associated with an increased risk of stroke in women; however, there is a lack of contemporary estimates on the incidence of stroke in and after pregnancy compared with the baseline risk in women of childbearing age in Sweden.

Patients And Methods: All women aged 15-49 years with live births/stillbirths in 1992-2011 were identified from the Swedish Medical Birth Registry linked with the National Patient Registry. First stroke during the study period was identified.

Gout and subsequent erectile dysfunction: a population-based cohort study from England.

Background: An association has been suggested between gout and erectile dysfunction (ED), however studies quantifying the risk of ED amongst gout patients are lacking. We aimed to precisely determine the population-level absolute and relative rate of ED reporting among men with gout over a decade in England.

Methods: We utilised the UK-based Clinical Practice Research Datalink to identify 9653 men with incident gout age- and practice-matched to 38,218 controls.

Incidence of First Stroke in Pregnant and Nonpregnant Women of Childbearing Age: A Population-Based Cohort Study From England.

Background: Pregnant women may have an increased risk of stroke compared with nonpregnant women of similar age, but the magnitude and the timing of such risk are unclear. We examined the risk of a first stroke event in women of childbearing age and compared the risk during pregnancy and in the early postpartum period with the background risk outside these periods.

Methods And Results: We conducted an open cohort study of 2 046 048 women aged 15 to 49 years between April 1, 1997, and March 31, 2014, using linked primary (Clinical Practice Research Datalink) and secondary (Hospital Episode Statistics) care records in England.

Recurrence risk of venous thromboembolism and hormone use in women from England: a cohort study using clinical practice research datalink.

It is vital to identify people with low recurrence risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) so as to protect them from dangers of prolonged anticoagulation therapy. Among women who develop VTE following hormone use, the evidence as to whether their risk of recurrence is low if they cease this therapy is conflicting. We investigated whether women whose initial VTE event was hormone-related have a lower risk of VTE recurrence than women whose initial event had no obvious cause (unprovoked).

Development and validation of risk prediction model for venous thromboembolism in postpartum women: multinational cohort study.

Objective:  To develop and validate a risk prediction model for venous thromboembolism in the first six weeks after delivery (early postpartum).

Design:  Cohort study.

Setting:  Records from England based Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) linked to Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) and data from Sweden based registry.