Nanocrystalline cellulose from Calophyllum inophyllum shells waste by adjusting organic acid hydrolysis and optimization of reaction parameters using response surface methodology.

Biodiesel production from Calophyllum inophyllum oil in Indonesia produces significant biomass waste, including seed shells. This study explores the conversion of the seed shell of Calophyllum inophyllum into nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) via consecutive alkalization, bleaching and hydrolysis using various organic acids. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed a reduction in the diameter of cellulose fibers from 21.

Selective Laser Melting of Stainless Steel 316L with Face-Centered-Cubic-Based Lattice Structures to Produce Rib Implants.

Selective laser melting has a great potential to manufacture biocompatible metal alloy scaffolds or implants with a regulated porosity structure. This study uses five face-centered cubic (FCC) lattice structures, including FCC, FCC-Z, S-FCC, S-FCC-Z, and FCC-XYZ. Specimens with different lattice structures are fabricated using two laser energy densities, 71 J/mm and 125 J/mm.