Differential association of endothelial function with brain structure in youth with versus without bipolar disorder.

Background: Mood symptoms and disorders are associated with impaired endothelial function, a marker of early atherosclerosis. Given the increased vascular burden and neurostructural differences among individuals with mood disorders, we investigated the endothelial function and brain structure interface in relation to youth bipolar disorder (BD).

Methods: This cross-sectional case-controlled study included 115 youth, ages 13-20 years (n = 66 BD; n = 49 controls [CG]).

Structural neuroimaging phenotypes of a novel multi-gene risk score in youth bipolar disorder.

Background: Bipolar disorder (BD) is among the most heritable psychiatric disorders, particularly in early-onset cases, owing to multiple genes of small effect. Here we examine a multi-gene risk score (MGRS), to address the gap in multi-gene research in early-onset BD.

Methods: MGRS was derived from 34 genetic variants relevant to neuropsychiatric diseases and related systemic processes.

Elevated lipids are associated with reduced regional brain structure in youth with bipolar disorder.

Objective: Abnormal blood lipid levels are common in bipolar disorder (BD) and correlate with mood symptoms and neurocognition. However, studies have not examined the lipid-brain structure association in BD or youth.

Methods: This study examined low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), triglycerides, and total cholesterol (TC) levels in relation to brain structure utilizing T1-weighted images, among participants ages 13-20 with BD (n = 55) and healthy controls (HC; n = 47).

Neurostructural phenotypes of CACNA1C rs1006737 in adolescents with bipolar disorder and healthy controls.

Objective: Investigate the effects of CACNA1C rs1006737 on cortical and subcortical neurostructural phenotypes in Caucasian bipolar disorder (BD) and healthy control (HC) adolescents.

Methods: Seventy-one adolescents (14-20 years; 38BD, 33HC) underwent 3-Tesla Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Region of interest (ROI) and vertex-wise analyses examined cortical volume, surface area (SA), and thickness, as well as subcortical volume.

Preliminary study of structural magnetic resonance imaging phenotypes related to genetic variation in Interleukin-1β rs16944 in adolescents with Bipolar Disorder.

Background: Bipolar disorder (BD), among the most heritable psychiatric conditions, is associated with increased pro-inflammatory blood markers and pro-inflammatory gene expression in post-mortem brain. We therefore examined the effects of pro-inflammatory single nucleotide polymorphism interleukin-1β (IL-1β) rs16944 on brain structure in adolescents with BD and healthy control (HC) adolescents.

Methods: T-weighted 3-T magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired for 38 adolescents with BD and 32 HC adolescents (14-20 years).

Cortical Volume and Thickness Across Bipolar Disorder Subtypes in Adolescents: A Preliminary Study.

Objectives: Neuroimaging studies of adults with bipolar disorder (BD) have identified several BD subtype distinctions, including greater deficits in prefrontal gray matter volumes in BD-I (bipolar I disorder) compared to BD-II (bipolar II disorder). We sought to investigate BD subtype differences in brain structure among adolescents and young adults.

Methods: Forty-four youth with BD (14 BD-I, 16 BD-II, and 14 BD-not otherwise specified [NOS], mean age 17) underwent 3T-MRI and images were analyzed using FreeSurfer software.

Sex differences in brain structure among adolescents with bipolar disorder.

Objectives: Bipolar disorder (BD) is twice as prevalent amongst female as amongst male adolescents. Thus far, little is known regarding the neurostructural substrates underlying this disparity. We therefore examined sex differences in neurostructural magnetic resonane imaging (MRI) phenotypes amongst adolescents with BD.

Increased cerebral blood flow among adolescents with bipolar disorder at rest is reduced following acute aerobic exercise.

Objective: Cerebral blood flow (CBF) is altered in mood disorders but has not been examined among adolescents with bipolar disorder (BD). Similarly, little is known about the acute neurophysiologic effects of aerobic exercise in BD. We therefore compared CBF between adolescents with and without BD at rest and acutely following a single exercise session.

Binge eating and emotional eating behaviors among adolescents and young adults with bipolar disorder.

Background: This study investigates nutritional behavior among adolescents and young adults with bipolar disorder (BP) in comparison to those without history of major psychiatric disorder.

Methods: 131 participants (82 BP, 49 controls) with a mean age of 16.11 ± 1.

Four-Duct Ligation for the Treatment of Sialorrhea in Children.

Importance: The 4-duct ligation procedure has appeal for its surgical simplicity and limited invasiveness in the management of pediatric sialorrhea. However, more information is required to understand the benefits, risks, success rates, and long-term effects of this intervention.

Objectives: To report the clinical outcomes of the 4-duct ligation procedure in pediatric patients diagnosed as having sialorrhea and the associated complication rates and to characterize patient and caregiver satisfaction in a consecutive series.